See also:

• BECHUANALAND (a name given from its inhabitants, the Bechuana, q.v.)

BECHUANALAND (a name given from its inhabitants, the See also:

• BECHUANA

Bechuana, q.v.)  , a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa occupying the central See also:

• PART

part of the vast tableland which stretches See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to the See also:

• ZAMBEZI

Zambezi . It is bounded S. by the See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange See also:

• RIVER

river, N.E. and E. by Matabeleland, the See also:

• TRANSVAAL

Transvaal and Orange River See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

Colony, and W. and N. by See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German South-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Africa . See also:

• BECHUANALAND (a name given from its inhabitants, the Bechuana, q.v.)

Bechuanaland geographically and ethnically enjoys almost See also:

• COMPLETE

complete unity, but politically it is divided as follows: I . British Bechuanaland, since 1895 an integral part of Cape Colony . See also:

• AREA

Area, 51,424 sq. m . Pop . (1904) 84,210, of whom 9276 were whites . II . The Bechuanaland See also:

• PROTECTORATE

Protectorate, the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part of the country, governed on the lines of a British See also:

• CROWN

crown colony . Area (estimated), 225,000 sq. m . Pop . (1904) 120,776, of whom Europeans numbered 1004 .

The natives, in addition to the See also:

• BECHUANA

Bechuana tribes, include some thousands of See also:

• BUSHMEN, or BOSJESMANS

Bushmen (Masarwa) . Administratively attached to the protectorate is the See also:

• TATI

Tati See also:

• CON

con-cession, which covers 2500 sq. m. and forms geographically the south-west corner of Matabeleland . The Griqualand West See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Cape Colony belongs also geographically to Bechuanaland, and except in the See also:

• KIMBERLEY
• KIMBERLEY, JOHN WODEHOUSE, 1ST EARL OF (1826-1902)

Kimberley See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond mines region is still largely inhabited by Bechuana . (See GRIQUALAND.) See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The See also:

• AVERAGE

average height of the tableland of which Bechuanaland consists is nearly 4000 ft . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface is hilly and undulating with a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general slope to the west, where the level falls in considerable areas to little over 2000 ft . A large part of the country is covered with grass or See also:

• SHRUB

shrub, chiefly See also:

• ACACIA

acacia . There is very little See also:

• FOREST

forest See also:

• LAND

land . The western region, the See also:

• KALAHARI

Kalahari See also:

• DESERT

Desert (q.v.), is mainly arid, with a sandy See also:

• SOIL

soil, and is covered in part by dense See also:

• BUSH

bush . In the northern region are large marshy depressions, in which the See also:

• WATER

water is often See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt . The best known of these depressions, See also:

• NGAMI

Ngami (q.v.), lies to the north-west and is the central point of an inland water See also:

• SYSTEM

system apparently in See also:

• PROCESS

process of drying up . To the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and connected with Ngami by the Botletle river, is the See also:

• GREAT

great Makari-Kari salt See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan, which also drains a vast extent of territory, receiving in the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season a large See also:

• VOLUME

volume of water . The See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh then becomes a great See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, the water surface stretching beyond the See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon, while in the dry season a See also:

• MIRAGE (a French word, from mirer, to look at, se mirer, to be reflected)

mirage is often seen .

The permanent marsh land covers a region 6o m. from south to north and from 30 to 6o m. east to west . In the south the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, such as the Molopo and the See also:

• KURUMAN

Kuruman, drain towards the Orange . Other streams are tributaries of the See also:

• LIMPOPO, or CROCODILE

Limpopo, which for some distance is the frontier between Bechuanaland and the Transvaal . The rivers of Bechuanaland are, with few exceptions, intermittent or lose themselves in the desert . It is evident, however, from the extent of the beds of these streams and of others now permanently dry, and from remains of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient forests, that at a former See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the country must have been abundantly watered . From the many See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-folds and walls of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence scattered over the country, and ruins of ancient settlements, it is also evident that at that period See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone-dykes were very See also:

• COMMON

common . The in-creasing dryness of the land is partly, perhaps largely, attributable to the cutting down of See also:

• TIMBER

timber trees both by natives and by whites, and to the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of annually burning the grass, which is destructive to See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate is healthy and bracing, except in the See also:

• LOWER

lower valleys along the 'river See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks and in the marsh land, where malarial See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever is prevalent . Though in great part within the tropics, the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is counteracted by the dryness of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . Throughout the See also:

• YEAR

year the nights are cool and refreshing; in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold at See also:

• NIGHT

night is intense . In the western regions the rainfall does -not exceed ro in. in the year; in the east the average rainfall is 26 in. and in places as much as 30 in . The rainy season is the summer months, See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November to See also:

• APRIL

April, but the rains are irregular, and, from the causes already indicated, the rainfall is steadily declining .

From See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December to See also:

• FEBRUARY

February violent See also:

• THUNDER

thunder and See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

hail storms are experienced . In the winter or dry season there are occasional heavy dust storms . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The greater part of Bechuanaland is covered with superficial deposits consisting of the sands of the desert regions of the Kalahari and the See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium and saliferous marls of the Okavango See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest rocks, granites, gneisses and schistose sandstones, the Ngami See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, rise to the surface in the east and south-east and doubtless immediately underlie much of the See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand areas . A See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone found in the neighbourhood of Palapye is considered to be the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of the Waterberg formation of the Transvaal . The See also:

• KARROO

Karroo formation and See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate dolerites (Loalemandelstein) occur in the same region . A See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of See also:

• SINTER

sinter and a calcareous sandstone, known as the Kalahari See also:

• KALK

Kalk, considered by Dr Passarge to be of See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, overlies a sandstone and curious See also:

• BRECCIA

breccia (Botletle Schnichten) . These deposits are held by Passarge to indicate See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary desert conditions, to which the basin of the Zambezi is slowly reverting . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Until towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Bechuanaland abounded in big See also:

• GAME

game, and the Kalahari is still the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion, See also:

• LEOPARD

leopard, See also:

• HYENA

hyena, See also:

• JACKAL
• JACKAL (Turk. chakal)

jackal, See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant, See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

hippopotamus, See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros, See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo, See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope of many See also:

• SPECIES

species, See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich and even the See also:

• GIRAFFE

giraffe . Venomous See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles, e.g. puff-adders and cobras, are met with, enormous frogs are common, and walking and flying locusts, mosquitoes, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white ants, flying beetles, scorpions, See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders and tarantulas are very numerous . The See also:

• CROCODILE

crocodile is found in some of the rivers . Many of the rivers are well stocked with See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish .

In those containing water in the rainy season only, the fish preserve See also:

• LIFE

life when the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed is dry by burrowing deeply in the See also:

• OOZE (O. Eng. wdse, cognate with an obsolete waise, mud; cf. O. Nor. veisa, muddy pool)

ooze before it hardens . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal fish are the baba or See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat-fish (clarias sp.) and the yellow-fish, both of which attain considerable See also:

• SIZE

size . Bustards (the great kori and the koorhaan) are common . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—In the eastern See also:

• DISTRICT

district are stretches of grass land, both sweet and sour veld . In the " bush " are found tufts of tall coarse grass with the space between See also:

• BARE

bare or covered with herbaceous creepers or water-bearing tubers . A common creeper is one bearing a small See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet See also:

• CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus, Fr. concombre, O. Fr. coucombre, whence the older English spelling and pronunciation " cowcumber," the standard in England up to the beginning of the 18th century)

cucumber, and a species of water-See also:

• MELON (Late Lat. melo, shortened form of Gr. p XoaEawv, a kind of gourd; µijXov, apple, and a- brow, ripe)

melon called tsoma is also abundant . Of the melon and cucumber there are both See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter and sweet varieties . Besides the grass and the creepers the bush is made up of See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

berry-yielding bushes (some of the bushes being See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in aromatic resinous See also:

• MATTER

matter), the wait-abit See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn and white thorned See also:

• MIMOSA (so named from the movements of the leaves in many species which " mimic " animal sensibility)

mimosa . The See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• PLANTS

plants grow See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild . Among the rare big trees—found chiefly in the north-east—are See also:

• BAOBAB

baobab and See also:

• PALMYRA

palmyra and certain See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees, one bearing a See also:

• PINK

pink See also:

• PLUM

plum . There are remains of ancient forests consisting of wild See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive trees and the See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel thorn, near which grows the ngotuane, a plant with a profusion of See also:

• FINE

fine, strongly scented yellow See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers . See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

Chief Towns.—The chief See also:

• TOWN

town in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Bechuanaland, i.e. the part incorporated in Cape Colony, is See also:

• MAFEKING

Mafeking (q.v.), near the headwaters of the Molopo river .

It is the headquarters of the Barolong tribe, and although within the Cape border is the seat of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the protectorate . Vryburg (pop., 1904, 2985), founded by See also:

• BOER

Boer filibusters in 1882, and Taungs, are towns on the railway between Kimberley and Mafeking . Taungs has some 22,000 inhabitants, being the chief See also:

• KRAAL

kraal of the Batlapin tribe . About 7 M. south of Vryburg, at See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

Tiger Kloof, is an See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

Industrial Training See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute for natives founded in 1904 by the See also:

• LONDON

London Missionary Society . Upington (2508) on the north See also:

• BANK

bank of the Orange, an agricultural centre, is the chief town in Gordonia, the western See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of southern Bechuanaland . Kuruman (q.v.) is a native town near the source of the Kuruman river, 85 M. south-west of Vryburg . It has been the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of missionary labours since the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of the 19th century . North of Mafeking on the railway to See also:

• BULAWAYO

Bulawayo are the small towns of Gaberones and Francistown . The last named is the chief township in the Tati concession, the centre of a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold-See also:

• MINING

mining region, and the most important white See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in the protectorate . Besides these places there are five or six large native towns, each the headquarters of a distinct tribe . The most important is Serowe, with over 20,000 inhabitants, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Bamangwato, founded by the chief Khama in 1903 . It is about 250 M. north-north-east of Mafeking, and took the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place ofthe abandoned capital Palapye, which in its turn had succeeded See also:

• SHOSHONG

Shoshong .

The chief centre in the western Kalahari is Lehututu . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture and See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade.—The soil is very fertile, and if properly irrigated would yield abundant harvests . Unirrigated land laid under See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat by the natives is said to yield twelve bushels an See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre . Cereals are grown in many of the river valleys . See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

Maize and See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet are the chief crops . The See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of the Bechuana consists principally in their cattle, which they tend with great care, showing a shrewd discrimination in the choice of pasture suited to oxen, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and goats . Water can usually be obtained all the year See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round by sinking See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells from 20 to 30 ft. deep . The " sweet veld " is specially suitable to cattle, and the finer shorter grass which succeeds it affords pasturage for sheep . Gold mines are worked in the Tati district, the first discoveries having been made there in 1864 . There are gold-bearing See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz reefs at Madibi, near Mafeking, where mining began in 1906 . Diamonds have been found near Vryburg . The existence of See also:

• COAL

coal near, Palapye about 6o ft. below the surface has been proved .

The coal, however, is not See also:

• MINED

mined, and much of the destruction of timber in southern Bechuanaland was caused by the demand for See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel for Kimberly y . See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

Copper ore has been found near Francistown . Formerly there • as a trade in ostrich feathers and See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory; but this has ceased, and the chief trade has since consisted in supplying the natives with See also:

• EUROPEAN

European goods in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for cattle, hides, the skins and horns of game, firewood and See also:

• FENCING

fencing poles, and in forwarding goods north and south . The protectorate is a member of the South See also:

• AFRICAN

African Customs See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union . The value of the goods imported into the protectorate in 1906 was £118,322; the value of the exports was £77,736 . The See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits to natives is forbidden. r Communications.—As the great See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway from Cape Colony to the north, Bechuanaland has been described as the " See also:

• SUEZ

Suez See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal of South Africa." The See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk railway from Cape Town to the See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria Falls traverses the eastern edge of Bechuanaland throughout its length . The railway enters the country at Fourteen Streams, 695 m. from Cape Town, and at Ramaquabane, 584 M. farther north, crosses into See also:

• RHODESIA (so named after Cecil Rhodes)

Rhodesia . The old trade route to Bulawayo, which skirts the eastern edge of the Kalahari, is now rarely used . See also:

• WAGON, or WAGGON

Wagon tracks See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to Ngami, 320 m . N.W. from Palapye Road Station, and to all the settlements . From the scarcity of water on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main routes through the Kalahari these roads are known as " the thirsts "; along some of them wells have been sunk by the administration . See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government.—The protectorate is administered by a See also:

• RESIDENT

resident See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner, responsible to the high commissioner for South Africa .

Legislation is enacted by proclamations in the name of the high commissioner . See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order is maintained by a small force of semi-military See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police recruited in See also:

• BASUTOLAND (officially The Territory of Basutoland")

Basutoland and officered by Europeans . See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

Revenue is obtained mostly from customs and a hut tax, while the chief items of See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure have been the police force and a See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy of £20,000 per annum towards the cost of the railway, a liability which terminated in the year 1908 . The average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual revenue for the five years ending the 31st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1906 was £30,074; the average annual expenditure during the same period was £8o,114 . There is no public See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, the annual deficiency being made See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good by a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant-in-aid from the imperial See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer . The tribal organization of the Bechuana is maintained, and native See also:

• LAWS

laws and customs, with certain modifications, are upheld . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Bechuanaland was visited by Europeans towards the close of the 18th century . The generally peaceful disposition of the tribes rendered the opening up of the country comparatively easy . The first See also:

• REGULAR

regular expedition to hfissro ary wor/c . penetrate far inland was in 1801-1802, when See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John (afterwards See also:

• SIR

Sir John) Truter, of the Cape judicial See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench, and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• SOMERVILLE
• SOMERVILLE, MARY (178o-1872)

Somerville—an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army physician and afterwards See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Somerville—were sent to the Bechuana tribes to buy cattle . The London Missionary Society established stations in what is now Griqualand West in 1803, and in 1818 the station of Kuruman, in Bechuanaland proper, was founded . In the meantime"M.H.K .

Lichtenstein (1804) and W . J . Burchell (1811-1812), both distinguished naturalists, and other explorers, had made See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar the general characteristics of the southern part of the country . The Rev . John See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell, one of the founders of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible Society, also travelled in southern Bechuanaland and the adjoining districts in 1812–1814 and 1819–1821, adding considerably to the knowledge of the river systems . About 1817 Mosilikatze, the founder of the See also:

• MATABELE (" vanishing " or " hidden " people, so called from their appearance in battle, hidden behind enormous oxhide shields)

Matabele nation, fleeing from the wrath of Chaka, the Zulu See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, began his career of See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, during which he ravaged a great part of Bechuanaland and enrolled large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of Bechuana in his armies . Eventually the Matabele settled to the north-east in the country which afterwards See also:

• BORE

bore their name . In 1821 See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• MOFFAT
• MOFFAT, ROBERT (1795-1883)

Moffat arrived at Kuruman as See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of the London Missionary Society, and made it his headquarters for fifty years . Largely as the result of the See also:

• WORK

work of Moffat (who reduced the Bechuana See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing), and of other missionaries, the Bechuana advanced notably in See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . The arrival of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• LIVINGSTONE, DAVID (1813-1873)

Livingstone in 1841 marked the beginning of the systematic exploration of the northern regions . His travels, and those of C . J .

Andersson (1853–1858) and others, covered almost every part of the country hitherto unknown . In 1864 Karl Mauch discovered gold in the Tati district . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the first contact of the Bechuana with white men the Cape government was the only civilized authority in South Africa; and from this cause, and the circumstance that the missionaries who lived among and exercised great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over them were of British See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality, the connexion between Bechuanaland and the Cape became close . As early as 1836 an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was passed extending the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the Cape ccurts in certain cases as far north as 25° S.—a limit which included the southern part of Bechuanaland . Although under strong British influence the country was nevertheless ruled by its own chiefs, among whom the best-known in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th century were Montsioa, chief of the Barolong, and Sechele, chief of the Bakwena and the friend of Livingstone . At this period the Transvaal Boers were in a very unsettled See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and those living in the western districts showed a marked inclination to encroach upon the lands of the Bechuana . In 1852 Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain by the Sand river See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention acknowledged the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the Transvaal . See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save the See also:

• VAAL

Vaal river no frontier was indicated, and " boasting," writes Livingstone in his Missionary Travels, " that the See also:

• ENGLISH

English had given up all the blacks into their See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . . . they (the Boers) assaulted the Bakwains " (Bakwena) . With this event the See also:

• POLITICAL

political history of Bechuanaland may be said to have begun . Not only was Sechele attacked at his capital Kolobeng, and the European stores and Livingstone's See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house there looted, but the Boers stopped a trader named M'Cabe from going northward . Again to quote Livingstone, " The Boers resolved to shut up the interior and I determined to open the country." In 1858 the Boers told the missionaries that they must not go north without their (the Boers') consent .

Moffat complained to Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey, the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Cape Colony, through whose intervention the molestation by Transvaal Boers of British subjects in their passage through Bechuanaland was stopped . At a later date (1865) the Boers tried to raise taxes from the Barolong, but without success, a See also:

• COMMANDO

commando sent against them in 1868 being driven off by Montsioa's See also:

• BROTHER

brother Molema . This led to a protest (in 187o) from Montsioa, which he lodged with a landdrost at See also:

• POTCHEFSTROOM

Potchefstroom in the Transvaal, threatening to submit the matter to the British high commissioner if any further See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation were made on the part of the Boers . The Boers then resorted to cajolery, and at a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting held in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 187o, at which See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

• PRETORIUS

Pretorius and See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• KRUGER, STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS (1825-1904)

Kruger represented the Transvaal, invited the Barolong to join their territories with that of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, in order to save them from becoming British . Montsioa's reply was See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short: " No one ever spanned-in an See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass with an ox in one yoke." In the following year the claims of the Boers, the Barolong, and other tribes were submitted to the See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration of R . W . See also:

• KEATE, JOHN (1773—1852)

Keate, See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-governor of See also:

• NATAL

Natal, and his See also:

• AWARD (from O. Fr. ewart, or esguart, cf. " reward ")

award placed Montsioa's territory outside the limits of the Transvaal . This attempt of the Boers to gain See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Bechuanaland having failed, T . F . See also:

• BURGERS, THOMAS FRANCOIS (1834-1881)

Burgers, the president of the Transvaal in 1872, endeavoured to replace Montsioa as chief of the Barolong by Moshette, whomhe declared to be the rightful ruler and See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount chief of that See also:

• PEOPLE

people . The attacks of the Boers at length became so unbearable that Montsioa in 1874 made a See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request to the British authorities to be taken under their See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . In formulating this See also:

• APPEAL

appeal he declared that when the Boers were at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with Mosilikatze, chief of the Matabele, he had aided them on the See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn under-See also:

• STANDING

standing that they were to respect his boundaries .

This promise they had broken . Khama, chief of the Bamangwato in northern Bechuanaland, wrote in August 1876 to Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Barkly making an appeal similar to that sent by the Barolong . The See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter contained the following significant passages: " I write to you, Sir Henry, in order that your See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen may preserve for me my country, it being in her hands . The Boers are coming into it, and I do not like them." " Their actions are cruel among us See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black people . We are like See also:

• MONEY

money, they sell us and our See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children." " I ask Her See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

Majesty to defend me, as she defends all her people . There are three things which See also:

• DISTRESS

distress me very much—war, selling people, and drink . All these things I shall find in the Boers, and it is these things which destroy people to make an end of them in the country . The custom of the Boers has always been to cause people to be sold, and to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day they are still selling people." The statements of Khama in this letter do not appear to have been exaggerated . The testimony of Livingstone confirms them, and even a Dutch clergyman, writing in 1869, described the system of See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship of natives which obtained among the Boers " as See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery in the fullest sense of the word." These representations on the part of the Barolong, and the Bamangwato under Khama, supported by the representations of Cape politicians, led in 1878 to the military occupation of southern Bechuanaland by a British force under See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel (afterwards General Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles) See also:

• WARREN
• WARREN, GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE (183o-1882)
• WARREN, JOSEPH (1741—1775)
• WARREN, MERCY (1728—1814)
• WARREN, MINTON (1850-1907)
• WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877)
• WARREN, SIR JOHN BORLASE, BART
• WARREN, WILLIAM (1812-1888)

Warren . A small police force continued to occupy the district until April 1881, but, ignoring the wishes of the Bechuana and the recommendations of Sir Bartle F1'ere (then high commissioner), the home government refused to take the country under British protection . On the withdrawal of the police, southern Bechuanaland See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into a state of anarchy, nor did the fixing (on See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper) of the frontier between it and the Transvaal by the See also:

• PRETORIA

Pretoria convention of August 1881 have any beneficial effect . There was fighting between Montsioa and Moshette, while Massow, a Batlapin chief, invited the aid of the Boers against Mankoroane, who claimed to be paramount chief of the Batlapin .

The Transvaal War of that date offered opportunities to the freebooting Boers of the west which were not to be lost . At this time the British, wearied of South African troubles, were disinclined to See also:

• RESPOND

respond to native appeals for help . Conse