See also:

• BEDFORDSHIRE [abbreviated Beds]

BEDFORDSHIRE [abbreviated Beds]  , a See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south midland See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N . E. by See also:

• HUNTINGDONSHIRE (HUNTS)

Huntingdonshire, E. by See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge-See also:

• SHIRE

shire, S.E. by See also:

• HERTFORDSHIRE [HERrs]

Hertfordshire, W. by See also:

• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (abbreviated Bucks)
• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, EARLS OF

Buckinghamshire and N.W. by See also:

• NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Northamptonshire . It is the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth smallest See also:

• ENGLISH

English county, having an See also:

• AREA

area of 466.4 sq. m . It lies principally in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• OUSE

Ouse, which, entering in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, traverses the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and beautiful Vale of See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford with a See also:

• SERPENTINE

serpentine course past the county See also:

• TOWN

town of Bedford to the north-eastern corner near St Neots . North of it the See also:

• LAND

land is undulating, but See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low; to the south, a well-wooded See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur of the Chiltern Hills separates the Vale of Bedford from the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat open tributary valley of the Ivel . A small part of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• LINE

line of the Chilterns is included in the south of the county, the hills rising sharply from the See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland to See also:

• BARE

bare heights exceeding 600 ft. above See also:

• DUNSTABLE

Dunstable . In this neighbourhood the county includes the headwaters of the See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea, and thus a small portion of it falls within the See also:

• THAMES

Thames basin . In the north a few streams are tributary to the Nene . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general trend of the outcrops of the various formations is from south-west to north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east; the See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip is south-easterly . In the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern portion of the county, the Middle Oolites are the most important, and of these, the See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay predominates over most of the low ground upon which Bedford is situated . At See also:

• AMPTHILL
• AMPTHILL, ODO WILLIAM LEOPOLD RUSSELL, 1ST BARON (18'29-1884)

Ampthill a development of clay, the Ampthill clay, represents the See also:

• CORALLIAN (Fr. Corallun)

Corallian limestones of neighbouring counties . The See also:

• CORNBRASH

Cornbrash is represented by no more than about 2 ft. of See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone; but the Kellaways See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock is well exposed near Bedford; the sandy parts of this rock are frequently cemented to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form hard masses called " doggers." The See also:

• GREAT

Great Ouse, from the point where it enters the county on the west, has carved through the Middle Oolites and exposed the Great Oolite as far as Bedford; their alternating limestones and See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays may be seen in the quarries not far from the town .

From See also:

• WOBURN

Woburn through Ampthill to Potton a more elevated See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract is formed by the See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand . These rocks are sandy throughout . At See also:

• LEIGHTON, FREDERICK LEIGHTON, BARON (183o–1896)
• LEIGHTON, ROBERT (161x—1684)

Leighton See also:

• BUZZARD

Buzzard they are dug on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale for various purposes . Beds of See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller's See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth occur in this formation at Woburn . At Potton, phosphatized nodules may be obtained, and here a hard See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, the " See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

Car-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone," lies at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the formation . Above the Lower Greensand comes the See also:

• GAULT

Gault Clay, which lies in the broad vale south-east of the former and north-west of the See also:

• CHALK

Chalk hills . The Chalk rises up above the Gault and forms the high ground of Dunshill See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors and the Chiltern Hills . At the See also:

• BASE

base of the Chalk is the Chalk See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

Marl, above this is the Totternhoe Stone, which, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its great hardness, usually stands out as a well-marked feature . The Lower Chalk, which comes next in the upward See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, is capped in a similar manner by the hard Chalk Rock, as at See also:

• ROYSTON

Royston and elsewhere . The upper Chalk-with-Flints occurs near the south-eastern boundary . Patches of glacial See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder clay and See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie upon the older rocks over most of the area . Many interesting mammalian fossils, See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros, See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

mammoth, &c., with See also:

• PALAEOLITHIC (Gr. iraXates, old, and )tWBor, stone)

palaeolithic implements, have been found in the valley gravels of the river Ouse and its tributaries .

See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture is important, nearly nine-tenths of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area being under cultivation . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop is See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, for which the See also:

• SOIL

soil in the Vale of Bedford is specially suited; while on the sandy See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam of the Ivel valley, in the neighbourhood of See also:

• BIGGLESWADE

Biggleswade, See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-gardening is extensively carried on, the produce going principally to See also:

• LONDON

London, whither a considerable quantity of See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter and other See also:

• DAIRY

dairy-produce is also sent . The manufacture of agricultural machinery and implements employs a large number of hands at Bedford and See also:

• LUTON

Luton . Luton, however, is specially noted for the manufacture of See also:

• STRAW

straw hats . Straw-plaiting was once extensively carried on in this See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood by See also:

• WOMEN

women and girls in their cottage homes, but has now almost entirely disappeared owing to the importation of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese and See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese plaited straw . Another See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in the county is the manufacture of See also:

• PILLOW (O. Eng. pylu; Lat. pulvinus, a cushion)

pillow-See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace . Many of the lace designs are See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, as a number of French refugees settled in and near Cranfield . Mechlin and Maltese patterns are also copied . Communications are provided in the east by the Great Northern main line, passing Biggleswade, and in the centre by that of the Midland railway, serving Ampthill and Bedford . The Bletchley and Cambridge See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the London & North-Western railway crosses these main lines at Bedford and Sandy respectively . The main line of the same See also:

• COMPANY

company serves Leighton Buzzard in the south-west, and there is a branch thence to Dunstable, which, with Luton, is also served by a branch of the Great Northern line . A branch of the Midland railway south from Bedford connects with the Great Northern line at See also:

• HITCHIN

Hitchin, and formerly afforded the Midland See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to London over Great Northern metals .

See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The area of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient county is 298,494 acres, with a population in 1891 of 161,704 and in 1901 of 171,240 . The area of the administrative county is 302,947 acres . The municipal boroughs are Bedford (pop . 35,144), Dunstable (5157) and Luton (36,404) . The other See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts are—Ampthill (2177), Biggleswade (5120), Kempston, connected with Bedford to the south-west (4729), and Leighton Buzzard (6331) . Potton (2033), Shefford (874), and Woburn (1129) are lesser towns, and local centres of the agricultural See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . The county is the midland See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Bedford . It has one See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter-sessions, and is divided into eight See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty sessional divisions . The boroughs of Bedford, Dunstable and Luton have See also:

• SEPARATE

separate commissions of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and Bedford has a separate court of quarter-sessions . There are 133 See also:

• CIVIL

civil parishes . See also:

• BEDFORDSHIRE [abbreviated Beds]

Bedfordshire forms an archdeaconry in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese. of See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely, with 125 ecclesiastical parishes and parts of 6 others . The county has two See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions, Northern (or Biggleswade), and See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern (or Luton), each returning one member; and Bedford is a parliamentary See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough, returning one member .

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal institution, apart from those in the towns, is the great Three Counties See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum (for Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and Huntingdonshire), in the south-east of the county near Arlesey . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Although the Saxon invaders were naturally attracted to Bedfordshire by its abundant See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply and facilities for agriculture, the remains of their settlements are few and scattered . They occur, with one exception, south of the Ouse, the most important being a See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery at Kempston, where two systems—See also:

• CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

cremation and earth-See also:

• BURIAL

burial—are found See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early reference to Bedfordshire See also:

• POLITICAL

political history is scanty . In 571 Cuthwulf inflicted a severe defeat on the Britons at Bedford and took four towns . During the See also:

• HEPTARCHY (Gr. 1rra seven, and apxi, rule)

Heptarchy what is now the shire formed part of See also:

• MERCIA

Mercia; by the treaty of See also:

• WEDMORE, FREDERICK (1844— )

Wedmore, how-ever, it became Danish territory, but was recovered by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• EDWARD

Edward (919–921) . The first actual mention of the county comes in 1016 when King Canute laid See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste to the whole shire . There was no organized resistance to the conqueror within Bedfordshire, though the Domesday survey reveals an almost See also:

• COMPLETE

complete substitution of See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman for English holders . In the civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen's reign the county suffered severely; the great See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

Roll of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

Exchequer of 1165 proves the shire receipts had depreciated in value to two-thirds of the See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment for the See also:

• DANEGELD

Danegeld . Again the county was thrown into the barons' war when Bedford See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, seized from the Beauchamps by Falkes de See also:

• BREAUTE, FALKES DE (d. 1226)

Breaute, one of the royal partisans, was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of three sieges before it was demolished by the king's orders in 1224 . The peasants' revolt (1377–1381) was marked by less violence here than in neighbouring counties; the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of Dunstable make brief mention of a rising in that town and the demand for and granting of a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter . In 1638 See also:

• SHIP

ship-See also:

• MONEY

money was levied on Bedfordshire, and in the Civil War that followed, the county was one of the foremost in opposing the king .

See also:

• CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF
• CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, 1ST EARL OF (1609-1674)
• CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, 4TH EARL OF (in the Villiers line) (1800-r87o)
• CLARENDON, HENRY HYDE

Clarendon observes that here See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles had no visible party or fixed quarter . Bedfordshire is divided into nine hundreds, Barford, Biggleswade, See also:

• CLIFTON

Clifton, Flitt, Manshead, Redbornestoke, Stodden, Willey and Wiscamtree, and the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, See also:

• HALF

half See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred or borough of Bedford . From the Domesday survey it appears that in the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century there were three additional half hundreds, viz . Stanburge, Buchelai and Weneslai, which had by the 14th century become parts of the hundreds of Manshead, Willey and Biggleswade respectively . Until 1574 one See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff did See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty for Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, the shire court of the former being held at Bedford . The See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the hundred courts, excepting Flitt, remained in the king's See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession . Flitt was See also:

• PARCEL (Fr. parcelle, Ital. particella, Lat. particela, diminutive of pars, part)

parcel of the See also:

• MANOR

manor of Luton, and formed part of the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage portion of Eleanor, See also:

• SISTER

sister of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. and wife of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall . The burgesses of Bedford and the See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior of Dunstable claimed jurisdictional freedom in those two boroughs . The Hundred Rolls and the Placita de quo warranto show that important jurisdiction had accrued to the great over-lordships, such as those of See also:

• BEAUCHAMP
• BEAUCHAMP, ALPHONSE DE

Beauchamp, Wahull and Caynho, and to several religious houses, the prior of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem claiming rights in more than fifty places in the county . With regard to parliamentary See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation, the first See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ which has been discovered was issued in 1290 when two members were returned for the county . In 1295 in addition to the county members, writs are found for two members to represent Bedford borough . Subsequently until See also:

• MODERN

modern times two county and two borough members were returned regularly .

Owing to its favourable situation Bedfordshire has always been a prominent agricultural rather than manufacturing county . From the 13th to the 15th century See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep farming flourished, Bedfordshire See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool being in See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request and plentiful . Surviving records show that in assessments of wool to the king, Bedfordshire always provided its full See also:

• QUOTA

quota . Tradition says that the straw-See also:

• PLAIT (through O. Fr. pleit, from Lat. plicitum, folded, plicare, to fold)

plait industry owes its introduction to See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I., who transferred to Luton the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine plaiters whom See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of Scots had settled in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . Similarly the lace industry is associated with See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, who, when trade was dull, burnt her lace and ordered new to be made . As See also:

• LATE

late as the 19th century the lace makers kept " Cattern's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day " as the See also:

• HOLIDAY

holiday of their See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . The Flemings, expelled by See also:

• ALVA
• ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583)

Alva's persecutions (1569), brought the manufacture of Flemish lace to Cranfield, whence it spread to surrounding districts . The revocation of the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes, and consequent French See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration, gave further impetus to the industry . See also:

• DEFOE, DANIEL (c. 1.659—1731)

Defoe See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in 1724–1727 mentions the See also:

• RECENT

recent improvements in the Bedfordshire See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone-lace manufacture . In 1794 further French refugees joined the Bedfordshire lace makers . Woburn See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey, belonging to the Russells since 1547, is the seat of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Bedford, the greatest landowner in the county . The Burgoynes of See also:

• SUTTON
• SUTTON, SIR RICHARD (d. c. 1524)
• SUTTON, THOMAS (c. 1532—1611)

Sutton, whose baronetcy See also:

• DATES

dates from 1641, have been in Bedfordshire since the 15th century, whilst the See also:

• OSBORN, SHERARD (1822—1875)

Osborn See also:

• FAMILY

family have owned Chicksands Priory since its See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase by See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Osborn in 1576 .

See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• PHILLIP, JOHN (1817-1867)

Phillip Monoux See also:

• PAYNE, PETER (c. 138o-1455)

Payne represents the ancient Monoux family of Wootton . Other county families are the Crawleys of Stockwood near Luton, the Brandreths of See also:

• HOUGHTON, RICHARD MONCKTON MILNES, 1ST BARON (1809—1885)

Houghton Regis, and the Orlebars of Hinwick . With the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Mercian diocese in 679 Bedfordshire See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell naturally to the new see of See also:

• DORCHESTER
• DORCHESTER, DUDLEY CARLETON, VISCOUNT (1573-1632)
• DORCHESTER, GUY CARLETON

Dorchester . It formed part of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln diocese from 1075 until 1837, when it was finally transferred to Ely . In 1291 Bedfordshire was an archdeaconry including six rural deaneries, which remained practically unaltered until 1880, when they were increased to eleven with a new See also:

• SCHEDULE

schedule of parishes . Antiquities.—The monastic remains in Bedfordshire include the See also:

• FINE

fine fragment of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the Augustinian priory at Dunstable, serving as the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church; the church (also imperfect) of Elstow near Bedford, which belonged to a See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine nunnery founded by See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

Judith, niece of William the Conqueror; and portions of the Gilbertine Chicksands Priory and of a Cistercian See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation at Old See also:

• WARDEN

Warden . In the parish churches, many of which are of great See also:

• INTEREST

interest, the predominant styles are Decorated and Perpendicular . See also:

• WORK

Work of pre-See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest date, however, is found in the massive See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of Clapham church, near Bedford on the north, and in a See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of Stevington church . Fine Norman and Early English work is seen at Dunstable and Elstow, and the later See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is illustrated by the large cruciform churches at Leighton Buzzard and at Felmersham on the Ouse above Bedford . Among the Perpendicular additions to the church last named may be noted a very beautiful oaken See also:

• ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

rood-See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen . To illustrate Decorated and Perpendicular the churches of Clifton and of See also:

• MARSTON, JOHN (c. 1575-1634)
• MARSTON, PHILIP BOURKE (1850-1887)

Marston Moretaine, with its massive detached campanile, may be mentioned; and Cople church is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good specimen of fine Perpendicular work . The church of Cockayne Hatley, near Potton, is fitted with rich Flemish carved See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, mostly from the abbey of Alne near See also:

• CHARLEROI
• CHARLEROI (Carolus Rex)

Charleroi, and dating from 1689, but brought here by a former See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector early in the 19th century .

In See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval domestic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture the county is not rich . The See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion of Woburn Abbey dates from the middle of the 18th century .