See also:

• BEDOUINS (Ahl Bedu, " dwellers in the open land," or Ahl el beit, " people of the tent," as they call themselves)

BEDOUINS (Ahl Bedu, " dwellers in the open See also:

• LAND

land," or Ahl el See also:

• BEIT, ALFRED (1853-1906)

beit, " See also:

• PEOPLE

people of the See also:

• TENT

tent," as they See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call themselves)  , the name given to the most important, as it is the best known, See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Arab See also:

• RACE

race . The See also:

• BEDOUINS (Ahl Bedu, " dwellers in the open land," or Ahl el beit, " people of the tent," as they call themselves)

Bedouins are the descendants of the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia whose traditions claim See also:

• ISHMAEL (a Hebrew name meaning " God hears ")

Ishmael as their ancestor (see ARABS) . The deserts of North Arabia seem to have been their earliest See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, but even in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times they had migrated to the lowlands of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

• SYRIA

Syria . The Arab See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa in the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D. caused a wide See also:

• DISPERSION
• DISPERSION (from Lat. dispergere, to scatter)

dispersion, so that to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the Arab See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is strongly represented in the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile Valley, Saharan, and Nubian peoples . Among the Hamitic-See also:

• NEGROID

Negroid races the Bedouins have largely lost their nomadic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; but in the deserts of the Nile lands they remain much what their ancestors were . Thus the name has suffered much ethnic confusion, and is often incorrectly reserved to describe such See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral peoples as the See also:

• BISHARIN (the anc. Ichthyophagi)

Bisharin, the See also:

• HADENDOA (from Beja Hada, chief, and endowa, people)

Hadendoa and the See also:

• ABABDA (the Gebadei of Pliny, probably the Troglodytes of classical writers)

Ababda . This See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article treats solely of the Arabian Bedouin, as affording the purest type of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . They are shepherds and herdsmen, reduced to an open-See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, roving See also:

• LIFE

life, partly by the nature of their occupations, partly by the See also:

• SPECIAL

special characteristics of the countries in which they dwell . For, while See also:

• LAND

land. unsuited to all purposes except pasture, forms an unusually large proportion of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface in the Arabian territory, the prolonged droughts of summer render considerable portions of it unfit even for that, and thus continually oblige the herdsmen to migrate from one spot to another in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of sufficient herbage and See also:

• WATER

water for their beasts . The same causes also involve the Bedouins in frequent quarrels with each other regarding the use of some particular well or pasture-ground, besides reducing them not unfrequently to extreme want, and thus making them plunderers of others in self-support . Professionally, the Bedouins are shepherds and herdsmen; their raids on each other or their See also:

• ROBBERY (from O. Fr. rober, to steal)

robbery of travellers and caravans are but occasional exceptions to the See also:

• COMMON

common routine . Their intertribal See also:

• WARS

wars (they very rarely venture on a conflict with the better-armed and better-organized sedentary See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population) are rarely bloody; See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-lifting being the usual See also:

• OBJECT

object .

Private feuds exist, but are usually limited to two or three individuals at most, one of whom has perhaps been ridiculed in satirical See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, to which they are' very sensitive, or had a relation killed in some previous fray . But bloodshed is expensive, as it must be paid for either by more bloodshed or by See also:

• BLOOD

blood-See also:

• MONEY

money—the diya, which varies, according to the importance of the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person killed, from ten to fifty camels, or even more . Previous to See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it was optional for the injured tribe either to accept this See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation or to insist on blood for blood; but the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

Prophet, though by his own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account despairing of ever reducing the See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad portion of his countrymen to See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, succeeded in establishing among them the See also:

• RULE

rule, that a See also:

• FAIR

fair diya if offered must be accepted . Instances are, however, not wanting in Arab See also:

• HISTORY

history of fiercer and more See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general Bedouin conflicts, in which the destruction, or at least the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete subjugation, of one tribe has been aimed at by another, and when See also:

• GREAT

great slaughter has taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Such were the wars of Pekr and Thagleb in the 6th century, of Kelb and Howazin in the 8th, of Harb and Ateba in the r8th . The Bedouins regard the plundering of caravans or travellers as in lieu of the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom dues exacted elsewhere . The land is theirs, they argue, and trespassers on it must pay the forfeit . Hence whoever can show anything See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to a permission of entrance into their territory has, in the See also:

• REGULAR

regular course of things, nothing to fear . This permission is obtained by securing the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the nearest Bedouin sheik, who, for a politely-worded See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request and a small sum of money, will readily See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant the pass, in the shape of one or two or more men of his tribe, who accompany the wayfarers as far as the next encampment on their road, where they See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand their See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge over to fresh guides, equally See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to afford the desired safeguard . In the interior of Arabia the See also:

• PASSPORT

passport is given in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing by one of the See also:

• TOWN

town See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, and is respected by the Bedouins of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district; for, however impudent and unamenable to law these nomads may be on the frontiers of the impotent See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in Syria or the See also:

• HEJAZ (H1JAz)

Hejaz, they are submissive enough in other and Arab-governed regions . But the traveller who ventures on the See also:

• DESERT

desert See also:

• STRIP

strip without such precautions will be robbed and perhaps killed . Ignorant of writing and unacquainted with books, the Bedouins See also:

• TRUST

trust to their memory for everything; where memory fails,they readily eke it out with See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination .

Hence their own assertions regarding the antiquity, See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, strength, &c., of their clans are of little See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth; even their genealogies, in which they pretend to be eminently versed, are not to be much depended on; the more so that their own See also:

• FAMILY

family names hardly ever exceed the limits of a patronymic, whilst the constantly renewed sub-divisions of a tribe, and the temporary increase of one See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch and decrease of another, tend to efface the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original name of the See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan . Few tribes now preserve their ancient, or at least their See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical titles; and the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the Bedouin multitude resembles in this respect a troubled See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, of which the substance is indeed always the same, but the surface is continually shifting and changing . As, however, no social basis or ties are acknowledged among them except those of blood and race, certain broad divisions are tolerably accurately kept up, the wider and more important of which may here be noted . First, the Aneza clan, who extend from Syria southward to the limits of See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Shammar . It is numerous, and, for a Bedouin tribe, well armed . Two-thirds of the Arab See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, besides a large See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic in See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, camels, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, and similar articles, are in their hands . Their See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal subdivisions are the Sebaa on the north, the Walid See also:

• ALI

Ali on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and the Ruala on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south; these are generally on See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad terms with each other . If See also:

• UNITED

united, they could See also:

• MUSTER (Mid. Eng. mostre, moustre, adapted from the similar O. Fr. forms; Lat. monstrare)

muster, it is supposed, about 30,000 lances . They claim descent from Rabi'a . Second, the Shammar Bedouins, whose pasturages See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie conterminous to those of the Aneza on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . Their numbers are about the same . Thirdly, in the northern desert, the Huwetat and Sherarat, comparatively small and See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage tribes .

There is also the Solibi clan, which, however, is disowned by the Arabs, and seems to be of gipsy origin . Next follow, in the western desert, the Beni-Harb, a powerful tribe, supposed to muster about 20,000 fighting men . They are often troublesome to the Meccan pilgrims . In the eastern desert are the Muter, the Beni-Khalid, and the Ajmans, all numerous clans, often at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with each other . To the south, in See also:

• NEJD

Nejd itself or on its frontiers, are the Hodeil, Ateba, and others . These all belong to the " Mustareb," or northern Arabs . The Bedouins of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern or " pure Arab " origin are comparatively few in number, and are, with few exceptions, even poorer and more savage than their northern brethren . Al-Morrah, on the confines of See also:

• OMAN

Oman, Al-See also:

• YAM

Yam and Kahtan, near See also:

• YEMEN (Yaman)

Yemen, and Beni-Yas, between Harik and the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf, are the best known . The See also:

• TOTAL

total number of the Bedouin or pastoral population throughout Arabia, including men, See also:

• WOMEN

women, and See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, appears not to exceed a million and a See also:

• HALF

half, or about one fifth of the total population . The only tribal authority is the " See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder," or `i sheik," a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title not necessarily implying advanced See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, but given to any one who, on account of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, courage, See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, liberality or some other quality, has been chosen to the leadership . Descent has something to do with See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, but not much, as every individual of the tribe considers himself equal to the others; nor are the distinctions of relative riches and poverty greatly taken into account . To the " sheik " all disputes are referred; he is consulted, though not necessarily obeyed, on every question which regards the general affairs of the tribe, whether in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace or war; there is no other See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate, and no law except what he and the other See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief men may consider proper .

But in fact, for most See also:

• PERSONAL

personal and private affairs, every See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man does See also:

• PRETTY

pretty much what is right in his own eyes . All the Bedouins, with the exception of certain tribes in Syria, are nominally Mahommedans, but most pay but slight See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the ceremonial precepts of the See also:

• KORAN

Koran; the five daily prayers and the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual fast of See also:

• RAMADAN

Ramadan are not much in favour among them; and however near a tribe may be to See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca; few of them visit it as pilgrims . The militant Wahhabi have, however, from time to time enforced some degree of Islamitic observance among the Bedouins of Nejd and the adjoining districts: elsewhere Mahommedanism is practically confined to the profession of the Divine Unity; among the remoter and wilder tribes See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree-worship, and no worship at all, are not uncommon . Some clans even omit the rite of See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

circumcision altogether; others, like the tribe of Hodeil, south of Mecca, perform it after a See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to themselves . Though See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy is not common among Bedouins, marriages are contracted without any legal intervention or See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee; the consent of the parties, and the oral testimony of a couple of witnesses, should such be at hand, are all that are required; and See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce is equally easy . Nor is mutual constancy much expected or observed either by men or women; and the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband is rarely strict in exacting from the wife a fidelity that he himself has no See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of observing . See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

Jealousy may indeed occasionally bring about tragic results, but this rarely occurs except whete publicity, to which the Bedouins, like all other Arabs, are very sensitive, is involved . See also:

• BURCKHARDT, JAKOB (1818–1897)
• BURCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUDWIG] (1784-1817)

Burckhardt writes: " The Bedouins are jealous of their women, but do not prevent them from laughing and talking with strangers . It seldom happens that a Bedouin strikes his wife; if he does so she calls loudly on her wasy or See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector, who pacifies the husband and makes him listen to See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason . . . . The wife and daughters perform all domestic business . They grind the See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat in the handmill or See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound it in the See also:

• MORTAR

mortar; they prepare the breakfast and See also:

• DINNER

dinner; knead and See also:

• BAKE, JAN (1787-1864)

bake the See also:

• BREAD

bread; make See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter, fetch water, See also:

• WORK

work at the See also:

• LOOM

loom, mend the See also:

• TENT

tent-covering .

. . while the husband or See also:

• BROTHER

brother sits before the tent smoking his See also:

• PIPE

pipe." A See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden's See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour is, on the other hand, severely guarded; and even too openly avowed a courtship, though with the most See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable intentions, is See also:

• ILL

ill looked on . But See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, if indeed so slight and temporary a connexion as it is among Bedouins deserves the name, is often merely a passport for mutual See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence . In other respects Bedouin morality, like that of most half-savage races, depends on custom and public feeling rather than on any fixed See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code or trained See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience, and hence admits of the strangest contradictions . Not only are lying and exaggeration no reproach in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary discourse, but even deliberate See also:

• PERJURY (through the Anglo-Fr. perjurie, modern parjure, Lat. perjurium, a false oath, perjurare, to swear falsely)

perjury and violation of the most See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn engagements are frequent occurrences . Not less frequent, however, are instances of prolonged fidelity and observance of promise carried to the limits of See also:

• ROMANCE

romance . " The See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind," " the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood," and " the honour of the Arabs " are the most ordinary oaths in serious matters; but even these do not give See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security, while a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple verbal engagement will at other times prove an inviolable guarantee . Thus, too, the extreme abstemiousness of a Bedouin alternates with excessive gorgings; and, while the name and deeds of " robber " are hardly a reproach, those of " thief " are marked by abhorrence and contempt . In See also:

• PATIENCE

patience, or rather endurance, both See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and moral, few Bedouins are deficient; wariness is another quality universally See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by their mode of life . And in spite of an excessive coarseness of See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, and often of See also:

• ACTION

action, See also:

• GROSS

gross See also:

• VICE

vice, at•least of the more debasing sorts that dishonour the East, is rare . Most Bedouins, men and women, are rather undersized; their complexion, especially in the south, is dark; their See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair coarse, thick and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black; their eyes dark and See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval; the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose is generally aquiline, and the features well formed; the See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard and See also:

• MOUSTACHE, or MUSTACHIO

moustache are usually scanty . The men are active, but not strong; the women are generally See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain . The See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress of the men consists of a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• SHIRT

shirt, open at the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast, often girt with a leathern See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle; a black or striped cloak of hair is sometimes thrown over the shoulders; a handkerchief, folded once, black, or striped yellow and red, covers the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round which it is kept in its place by a piece of twine or a See also:

• TWISTED

twisted hairband .

To this See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume a pair of open sandals is sometimes added . Under the shirt, round the naked See also:

• WAIST

waist, a thin strip of See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather See also:

• PLAIT (through O. Fr. pleit, from Lat. plicitum, folded, plicare, to fold)

plait is See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound several times, not for any special object, but merely out of custom . In his hand a Bedouin almost always carries a slight crooked wand, commonly of See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond-wood . Among the Bedouins of the south A See also:

• LIGHT

light wrapper takes the place of the handkerchief on the head, and a See also:

• LOIN (through O. Fr. loigne or logne, mod. lunge, from Lat. Iambus)

loin-See also:

• CLOTH

cloth that of the shirt . The women usually See also:

• WEAR

wear wide loose drawers, a long shirt, and over it a wide piece of dark See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue cloth enveloping the whole figure and head, and trailing on the ground behind . Very rarely does a Bedouin woman wear a See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil, or even See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover her See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face with her overcloak, contenting herself with narrowing the folds of the latter over her head on the approach of a stranger . Her wrists and ankles aregenerally adorned with bracelets and rings of blue See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass or See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper or See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, very rarely of See also:

• SILVER

silver; her See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck with glass beads; See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear-rings are rare, and nose-rings rarer . Boys, till near See also:

• PUBERTY (Lat. pubertas, from pubes, puber, mature, adult)

puberty, usually go See also:

• STARK, JAMES (1794-1859)
• STARK, JOHN (1728-1822)

stark naked; girls also wear no clothes up to the age of six or seven . On a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey a Bedouin invariably carries with him a light, See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-pointed See also:

• LANCE

lance, the See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem of which is made of Persian or See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• CANE

cane; the manner in which this is carried or trailed often indicates the tribe of the owner . The lance is the favourite and characteristic weapon of the Arab nomad, and the one in the use of which he shows the greatest skill . An antiquated See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, an out-of-date See also:

• MUSKET (Fr. mousquet, Ger. Muskete, &c.)

musket, an ornamented See also:

• DAGGER

dagger or See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife, a coat of See also:

• MAIL

mail, the manufacture of Yemen or See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad, and a See also:

• HELMET (from an obsolete diminutive of O. Fr. helme, mod. heaume; the English word is " helm," as in O. Eng., Dutch and Ger.; all are from the Teutonic base hal-, pre-Teut. kal-, to cover; cf. Lat. celare, to hide, Eng. " hell," &c.)

helmet, a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere iron head-piece, without See also:

• VISOR (also spelled viser, vizor, vizard or visard)

visor or See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest, complete his military outfit . A Bedouin's tent consists of a few coverings of the coarsest See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat-hair, dyed black, and spread over two or more small poles, in height from 8 to 9 ft., gipsy fashion .

If it be the tent of a sheik, its total length may be from 3o to 40 ft.; if of an ordinary person, less than 20 ft . Sometimes a See also:

• PARTITION

partition separates the quarters of the women and children; sometimes they are housed under a See also:

• LOWER

lower and narrower covering . A rough See also:

• CARPET

carpet or See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat is spread on the ground; while See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel-saddles, See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes, 'halters, two or three cooking pots, one or two platters, a wooden drinking bowl, the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's arms at one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the tent, and his See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear See also:

• STUCK, FRANZ (1863— )

stuck in the ground at the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door, complete the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-hold valuables . On striking See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp all these are fastened on the backs of camels; the men See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

mount their saddles, the women their litters; and in an See also:

• HOUR

hour the blackened stones that served for a cooking See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth are the only sign of the encampment . For See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food the Bedouin relies on his herds, but See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, vegetables, See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey, locusts and even lizards are at times eaten .