See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

BED (a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic word, cf. See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root bhodh, seen in the See also:

• LAT

Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden " bed ")  , a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TERM

term for a resting or sleeping See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for men and animals, and in particular for the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture for that See also:

• OBJECT

object, and so used by See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy in other senses, involving a supporting See also:

• SURFACE

surface or layer . The accompaniments of a domestic See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed (bedding, See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover-lets, &c.) have naturally varied considerably in different times, and its See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and decoration and social associations have considerable See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• INTEREST

interest . The Egyptians had high bedsteads which were ascended by steps, with bolsters or pillows, and curtains to hang See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round . Often there was a See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest as well, semi-cylindrical and made of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood or See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal . Assyrians, Medes and Persians had beds of a similar See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, and frequently decorated their furniture with inlays or appliques of metal, See also:

• MOTHER

mother-of-See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl and See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of a bedstead is probably that of Ulysses which See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer describes him as making in his own See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, but he also mentions the See also:

• INLAYING

inlaying of the wood-See also:

• WORK

work of beds with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver and ivory . The See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek bed had a wooden See also:

• FRAME

frame, with a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board at the head and bands of hide laced across, upon which skins were placed . At a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the bedstead was often veneered with expensive See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods; some-times it was of solid ivory veneered with See also:

• TORTOISE

tortoise-See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell and with silver feet; often it was of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze . The pillows and coverings also became more costly and beautiful; the most celebrated places for their manufacture were See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus, See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth and See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage . Folding beds, too, appear in the See also:

• VASE
• VASE (through Fr. from Lat. vas, a vessel, pl. vasa, of which the singular vasum is rarely found; the ultimate root is probably was-, to cover, seen in Lat: vestis, clothing, Eng. " vest," Gr. to-th c, and also in " wear," of garments)

vase paintings . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman mattresses were stuffed with reeds, See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool or feathers; the last was used towards the end of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, when See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom demanded luxury . Small cushions were placed at the head and sometimes at the back .

The bedsteads were high and could only be ascended by the help of steps . They were often arranged for two persons, and had a board or railing at the back as well as the raised portion at the head . The counterpanes were some-times very costly, generally See also:

• PURPLE

purple embroidered with figures • in gold; and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich hangings See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the ground masking the front . The bedsteads themselves were often of bronze inlaid with silver, and Elagabalus, like some See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• INDIAN

Indian princes, had one of solid silver . In the walls of some of the houses at See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii bed niches are found which were probably closed by curtains or sliding partitions . The See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage bed, lectus genialis, was much decorated, and was placed in the See also:

• ATRIUM (either from ater, black, referring to the blackening of the walls from the smoke of the hearth, or from the Greek aiOpeov, open to the sky, or from an Etruscan town, Atria, where the style of building is supposed to have originated)

atrium opposite the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door . A See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low pallet-bed used for sick persons was known as scimpodium . Other forms of See also:

• COUCH, DARIUS NASH (1822-1897)

couch were called lectus, but were not beds in the modern sense of the word except the lectus funebris, on which the See also:

• BODY

body of a dead See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person See also:

• LAY

lay in See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state for seven days, clad in a toga and rich garments, and surrounded by See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers and foliage . This bed rested on ivory legs, over which purple blankets embroidered with gold were spread, and was placed in the atrium with the See also:

• FOOT

foot to the door and with a See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan of See also:

• INCENSE

incense by its See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . The See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Germans lay on the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor on beds of leaves covered with skins, or in a kind of shallow See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest filled with leaves and See also:

• MOSS

moss . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages they laid carpets on the floor or on a See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench against the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, placed upon them mattresses stuffed with feathers, wool or See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, and used skins as a covering . They appear to have generally lain naked in bed, wrapping them-selves in the large See also:

• LINEN

linen sheets which were stretched over the cushions .

In the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century luxury increased, and bedsteads were made of wood much decorated with inlaid, carved and painted See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament . They also used folding beds, which served as couches by See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day and had cushions covered with See also:

• SILK

silk laid upon See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather . At See also:

• NIGHT

night a linen See also:

• SHEET

sheet was spread and pillows placed, while silk-covered skins served as coverlets . Curtains were hung from the See also:

• CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

ceiling or from an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm projecting from the wall . The Carolingian See also:

• MSS

MSS. show metal bedsteads much higher at the head than at the feet, and this shape continued in use till the 13th century in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, many cushions being added to raise the body to a sloping position . In the 12th-century MSS. the bedsteads appear much richer, with inlays, See also:

• CARVING

carving and See also:

• PAINTING

painting, and with embroidered coverlets and mattresses in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony . Curtains were hung above the bed, and a small See also:

• HANGING

hanging See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp is often shown . In the 14th century the woodwork became of less importance, being generally entirely covered by hangings of rich materials . Silk, See also:

• VELVET

velvet and even See also:

• CLOTH

cloth of gold were much used . Inventories from the beginning of the 14th century give details of these hangings lined with See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur and richly embroidered . Then it was that the See also:

• TESTER (Fr, teetiere, head-covering, from teete)

tester bed made its first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, the tester being slung from the ceiling or fastened to the walls, a form which See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed later into a See also:

• ROOM

room within a room, shut in by See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double curtains, sometimes even so as to exclude all See also:

• DRAUGHTS (from AS. dragan, to draw)

draughts . The space between bed and wall was called the ruelle, and very intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends were received there .

In the 15th century beds became very large, reaching to 7 or 8 ft. by 6 or 7 ft . See also:

• VIOLLET, PAUL MARIE (184o- )

Viollet-le-Duc says that the mattresses were filled with See also:

• PEA (Pisum)

pea-shucks or See also:

• STRAW

straw—neither wool nor horsehair is mentioned—but feathers also were used . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• GREAT

great personages were in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of carrying most of their See also:

• PROPERTY

property about with then, including beds and bed-hangings, and for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason the bedsteads were for the most See also:

• PART

part See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere frameworks to be covered up; but about the beginning of the 16th century bedsteads were made lighter and more decorative, since the lords remained in the same place for longer periods . In the museum at See also:

• NANCY

Nancy is a See also:

• FINE

fine bedstead of this period which belonged to See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine de See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine . It has a carved head and foot as well as the uprights which support the tester . Another is in the 1N/fusee See also:

• CLUNY, or CLUGNY

Cluny ascribed to See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre de Gondi, very architectural in See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, with a bracketed See also:

• CORNICE (Fr. corniche, Ital. cornice)

cornice, and turned and carved posts; at the head figures of warriors See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch the See also:

• SLEEPER

sleeper . See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV. had an enormous number of sumptuous beds, as many as 413 being described in the inventories of his palaces . Some of them had embroideries enriched with pearls, and figures on a silver or See also:

• GOLDEN

golden ground . The carving was the work of Proux or See also:

• CAFFIERI, JACQUES (1678-1755)

Caffieri, and the See also:

• GILDING

gilding by La Baronniere . The great bed at See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles had See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson velvet curtains on which " The See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

Triumph of See also:

• VENUS

Venus " was embroidered . So much gold was used that the velvet scarcely showed . Under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Madame de See also:

• MAINTENON

Maintenon " The See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

Sacrifice of See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham," which is now on the tester, replaced " The Triumph of Venus." In the 17th century, which has been called " the century of magnificent beds," the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style a la duchesse, with tester and curtains only at the head, replaced the more enclosed beds in France, though they lasted much longer in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England .

In the 18th century See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather pillows were first used as coverings in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, which in the fashions of the bed and the curious See also:

• ETIQUETTE

etiquette connected with the bedchamber followed France for the most part . The beds were a la duchesse, but in France itself there was great variety both of name and shape—the lit a See also:

• ALCOVE (through the Span. akova, from the Arab. al-, the, and quobbah, a vault)

alcove, lit d'ange, which had no columns, but a suspended tester with curtains See also:

• DRAWN

drawn back, lit d l'Anglaise, which looked like a high See also:

• SOFA

sofa by day, lit en baldaquin, with the tester fixed against the wall, tit d couronne with a tester shaped like a See also:

• CROWN

crown, a style which appeared under Louis XVI., and was fashionable under the Restoration and Louis Philippe, and lit d l'imperiale, which had a curved tester, are a few of their varieties . The lit en baldaquin of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I. is still at See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau, and the Garde Meuble contains several richly carved beds of a more modern date . The custom of the " bed of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice " upon which the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of France reclined when he was See also:

• PRESENT

present in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, the princes being seated, the great officials See also:

• STANDING

standing, and the lesser officials kneeling, was held to denote the royal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power even more than the See also:

• THRONE

throne . Louis XI. is credited with its first use, and the custom lasted till the end of the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . From the habit of using this bed to hear petitions, &c., came the usage of the See also:

• GRAND

grand lit, which was provided wherever the king stayed, called also lit de See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement or lit de See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade, rather later . Upon this bed the dead king lay in state . The beds of the king and See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen were saluted by the courtiers as if they were altars, and none approached them even when there was no railing to prevent it . These railings were apparently placed for other than ceremonial reasons originally, and in the accounts of several castles in the 15th century mention is made of a railing to keep See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs from the bed . In the chambre de parade, where the ceremonial bed was placed, certain persons, such as ambassadors or great lords, whom it was desired to See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, were received in a more intimate See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion than the See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of courtiers . The See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

petit See also:

• LEVER (through O. Fr. leveour, levere, mod. levier, from Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVER, CHARLES JAMES (1806-1872)

lever was held in the bedroom itself, the grand lever in the chambre de parade . At Versailles See also:

• WOMEN

women received their friends in their beds, both before and after childbirth, during periods of See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning, and even directly after marriage—in fact in any circumstances which were thought deserving of congratulation or condolence .

During the 17th century this curious custom became general, perhaps to avoid the tiresome details of etiquette, Portable beds were used in high society in France till the end of the ancien regime . The earliest of which mention has been found belonged to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bold (see See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of Philippe de See also:

• COMINES, or COMMINES (Flem. Komen)

Comines) . They had curtains over a See also:

• LIGHT

light framework, and were in their way as fine as the stationary beds . Iron beds appear in the 18th century; the advertisements recommend them as See also:

• FREE

free from the See also:

• INSECTS

insects which sometimes infested wooden bedsteads, but one is mentioned in the See also:

• INVENTORY (post-class. Lat. inventarium, a list or repertory, from invenire to find)

inventory of the furniture of the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of See also:

• NERAC

Nerac in 1569, " un lit de fer et de cuivre, avec quatre petites colonnes de laiton, ensemble quatre satyres de laiton, quatre petits vases de laiton pour mettre sur See also:

• LES

les colonnes; dedans le dit lit it y a la figure d'Olopherne ensemble de See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

Judith, qui sont d'albatre." In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland the closed bed with sliding or folding shutters has persisted till our own day, and in England—where beds were commonly quite See also:

• SIMPLE

simple in form—the four-See also:

• POSTER

poster, with tester and curtains all round, was the usual See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen's bed till the middle of the 19th century . Many fine examples exist of 17th-century carved See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak bedsteads, some of which have found their way into museums . The later forms, in which See also:

• MAHOGANY

mahogany was usually the wood employed, are much less architectural in design . Some exceedingly elegant mahogany bed-steads were designed by See also:

• CHIPPENDALE, THOMAS (d. 1979)

Chippendale, See also:

• HEPPLEWHITE, GEORGE (d. 1786)

Hepplewhite and See also:

• SHERATON, THOMAS (c. 1751-1806)

Sheraton, and there are signs that See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste is returning to the wooden bedstead in a lighter and less monumental form . (J .