BEECH  , a well-known See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, Fagus sylvatica, a member of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Fagaceae to which belong the sweet-See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut (C'astanea) and See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak . The name beech is from the Anglo-Saxon boc, bete or beoce (Ger . See also:

• BACHE, ALEXANDER DALLAS (1806-1867)
• BACHE, FRANCIS EDWARD (1833–1888)

Bache, See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish, bok), words meaning at once a See also:

• BOOK

book and a beech-tree . The connexion of the beech with the graphic arts is supposed to have originated in the fact that the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Runic tablets were formed of thin boards of beech-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . " The origin of the word," says See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

Prior (Popular Names of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PLANTS

Plants), " is identical with that of the See also:

• SANSKRIT

Sanskrit boko, See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, bokos, writings; and this See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian and our own is interesting as See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of two things, viz. that the Brahmins had the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing before they detached themselves from the See also:

• COMMON

common stock of the Indo-See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• RACE

race in Upper See also:

• ASIA

Asia, and that we and other Germans have received alphabetic signs from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East by a See also:

• NORTHERN

northern route and not by the Mediterranean." Beech-See also:

• MAST (2) (Anglo-Saxon maest, food, common to some Teutonic languages, and ultimately connected with " meat")
• MAST (I) (O. Eng. maest; a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. malus; from the medieval latinized form mast us comes Fr. malt)

mast, the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of the beech-tree, was formerly known in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England as See also:

• BUCK
• BUCK, CARL DARLING (1866– )
• BUCK, DUDLEY (1839-1909)

buck; and the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

Buckingham is so named from its fame as a beech-growing See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . See also:

• BUCKWHEAT

Buckwheat (Bucheweizen) derives its name from the similarity of its angular seeds to beech-mast . The generic name Fagus is derived from 4ayety, to eat; but the I (Ayos of See also:

• THEOPHRASTUS

Theophrastus was probably the sweet chestnut (A esculus) of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . Beech-mast has been used as See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food in times of See also:

• DISTRESS

distress and See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine; and in autumn it yields an abundant See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of food to See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park-See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer and other See also:

• GAME

game, and to pigs, which are turned into beech-See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods in order to utilize the fallen mast . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France it is used for feeding pheasants and domestic poultry . Well-ripened beech-mast yields from 17 to 20 % of non-drying oil, suitable for See also:

• ILLUMINATION

illumination, and said to be used in some parts of France and other European countries in cooking, and as a substitute for See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter . The beech is one of the largest British trees, particularly on chalky or sandy soils, native in England fromYorkshire See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-wards, and planted in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . It is one of the common See also:

• FOREST

forest trees of temperate See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, spreading from See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway and See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden to the Mediterranean .

It is found on the Swiss See also:

• ALPS

Alps to about 5000 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, and in southern Europe is usually confined to high See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain slopes; it is plentiful in southern See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, and is widely distributed in Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor and the northern provinces of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . It is characterized by its sturdy See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar-like See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem, often from 15 to 20 ft. in girth, and smooth See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive-See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey bark . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main branches rise vertically, while the subsidiary branches spread outwards and give the whole tree a rounded outline . The slender See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown pointed buds give See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in See also:

• APRIL

April to clear See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green leaves fringed with delicate silky hairs . The See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers which appear in May are inconspicuous and, as usual with our forest trees, of two kinds; the male, in See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-stalked globular clusters, hang from the axils of the See also:

• LOWER

lower leaves of a shoot, while the See also:

• FEMALE

female, each of two or three flowers in a tiny See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup (cupule of bracts), stand erect nearer the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the shoot . In the ripe fruit or mast the four-sided cupule, which has become much enlarged, brown and tough, encloses two or three three-sided See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich chestnut-brown fruits, each containing a single See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed . It is readily propagated by its seeds . It is a handsome tree in every See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of its growth, but is more injurious to plants under its drip than other trees, so that shade-bearing trees, as See also:

• HOLLY (Ilex Aquifolium)

holly, See also:

• YEW (Taxus baccata)

yew and thuja, suffer . Its leaves, however, enrich the See also:

• SOIL

soil . The beech has a remarkable See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of holding the ground where the soil is See also:

• CON

con-genial, and the deep shade prevents the growth of other trees . It is often and most usefully mixed with oak and Scotch See also:

• FIR

fir . The See also:

• TIMBER

timber is not remarkable for either strength or durability .

It was formerly much used in See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill-See also:

• WORK

work and turnery; but its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal use at See also:

• PRESENT

present is in the manufacture of chairs, bedsteads and a variety of minor articles . It makes excellent See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel and See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal . The See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper-beech is a variety with copper-coloured leaves, due to the presence of a red colouring-See also:

• MATTER

matter in the See also:

• SAP

sap . There is also a weeping or pendulous-branched variety; and several varieties with more or less cut leaves, are known in cultivation . The genus Fagus is widely spread in temperate regions, and contains in addition to our native beech, about 15 other See also:

• SPECIES

species . A variety (F. sylvatica See also:

• VAR

var . Sieboldi) is a native of See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, where it is one of the finest and most abundant of the See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous-leaved forest trees . Fagus americana is one of the most beautiful and widely-distributed trees of the forests of eastern See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America . It was confounded by See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early European travellers with F. sylvatica, from which it is distinguished by its paler bark and lighter green, more sharply-toothed leaves . Several species are found in See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia and New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, and in the forests of southern See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile and See also:

• PATAGONIA

Patagonia . The dense forests which See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Straits of See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan and the mountain-slopes of Tierra del Fuego consist largely of two beeches—one See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen, Fagus betuloides, and one with deciduous leaves, F. antarctica .