BEL  , the name of a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief deity in Babylonian See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, the counterpart of the Phoenician See also:

• BAAL

Baal (q.v.) ideographically written as En-lil . Since Bel signifies the " See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord " or " See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master " See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence, it is, therefore, a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title rather than a genuine name, and must have been given to a deity who had acquired a position at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

pantheon . The real name is accordingly to be sought in En-lil, of which the first See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element again has the force of " lord " and the second presumably " might," " See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power," and the like, though this cannot be regarded as certain . En-lil is associated with the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• NIPPUR

Nippur, and since En-lil with the determinative for " See also:

• LAND

land " or " See also:

• DISTRICT

district " is a See also:

• COMMON

common method of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing the name of the city, it follows, apart from other See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, that En-lil was originally the See also:

• PATRON

patron deity of Nippur . At a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period--See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to 3000 B.c.—Nippur had become the centre of a See also:

• POLITICAL

political district of considerable extent, and it is to this early period that the designation of En-lil as Bel or " the lord " reverts . See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions found at Nippur, where extensive excavations were carried on during 1888–1900 by Messrs See also:

• PETERS (or PETER), HUGH (1598–166o)
• PETERS, KARL (1856– )

Peters and Haynes, under the auspices of the University of See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, show that Bel of Nippur was in fact regarded as the head of an extensive pantheon . Among the titles accorded to him are " See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of lands," " king of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth " and " See also:

• FATHER

father of the gods." His chief See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple at Nippur was known as E-Kur, signifying " See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house," and such was the sanctity acquired by this edifice that Babylonian and See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian rulers, down to the latest days, vied with one another in embellishing and restoring Bel's seat of See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, and the name itself became the designation of a temple in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . Grouped around the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary there arose temples and chapels to the gods and goddesses who formed his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, so that E-Kur became the name for an entire sacred See also:

• PRECINCT (from Lat. praecingere, to encircle, enclose, surround, prae and cingere, to gird)

precinct in the city of Nippur . The name " mountain house " suggests a lofty structure and was perhaps the designation originally of the staged See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower at Nippur, built in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of a mountain, with the sacred See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of the See also:

• GOD

god on the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top . The tower, however, also had its See also:

• SPECIAL

special designation of " See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

Im-See also:

• KHAR

Khar-sag," the elements of which, signifying " See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm " and " mountain," confirm the conclusion See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from other evidence that En-lil was originally a storm-god having his seat on the top of a mountain . Since the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates valley has no mountains, En-lil would appear to be a god whose worship was carried into Babylonia by a See also:

• WAVE

wave of See also:

• MIGRATION

migration from a mountainous See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country—in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability from See also:

• ELAM

Elam to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . When, with the political rise of See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon as the centre of a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, Nippur yielded its prerogatives to the city over which See also:

• MARDUK (Bib'. MERODACH2)

Marduk presided, the attributes and the titles of En-lil were transferred to Marduk, who becomes the " lord " or Bel of later days .

The older Bel did not, however, entirely lose his See also:

• STANDING

standing . Nippur continued to be a sacred city after it ceased to have any considerable political importance, while in addition the rise of the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of a triad of gods symbolizing the three divisions—heavens, earth and See also:

• WATER

water—assured to Bel, to whom the earth was assigned as his See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the religious See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The disassociation from his See also:

• LOCAL

local origin involved in this doctrine of the triad gave to Bel a See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of political changes, and we, accordingly, find Bel as a See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the religion of Babylonia and See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria to the latest days . It was no doubt owing to his position as the second figure of the triad that enabled him to survive the political See also:

• ECLIPSE (Gr. €uheo,tis, falling out of place, failing)

eclipse of Nippur and made his sanctuary a place of See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to which Assyrian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings down to the days of See also:

• ASSUR
• ASSUR (Auth. Vera. Asshur)

Assur-bani-See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

pal paid their See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage equally with Babylonian rulers . See also See also:

• BELIT (signifying the " lady," par excellence)

BELIT and BAAL . For the apocryphal See also:

• BOOK

book of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, Bel and the See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

Dragon, see See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

DANIEL: Additions to Daniel . (M .