See also:

• BELGRADE (Servian, Biograd or Beograd, i.e. " White Castle")

BELGRADE (Servian, Biograd or Beograd, i.e. " See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle")  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• SERVIA

Servia . Pop . (1900) 69,097 . See also:

• BELGRADE (Servian, Biograd or Beograd, i.e. " White Castle")

Belgrade occupies a triangular See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge or See also:

• FORELAND, NORTH

foreland, washed on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west by the See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save, and on the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east by the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube; these See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers flowing respectively from the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west and north-west . The sides of the triangle slope down abruptly towards the west, more gradually towards the east; at the See also:

• BASE

base stands the See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone of See also:

• AYALA, DON PEDRO LOPEZ DE (1332–1407)

Ayala See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, the last outpost of the Rudnik Mountains, which extend far away to the south; and, at the See also:

• APEX

apex, a cliff of See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary See also:

• CHALK

chalk, 200 ft. high, overlooks the confluence of the two rivers, the large, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Veliki Voyn and several smaller islets . This cliff is crowned by the walls and towers of the citadel, once See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, but now maroon with See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and, though useful as a See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison and See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, no longer of any military value . Behind the citadel, and along its See also:

• GLACIS

glacis on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, are the gardens of Kalemegdan, commanding a famous view across the See also:

• RIVER

river; behind Kalemegdan comes Belgrade itself, a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of white houses, among which a few See also:

• GREAT

great public buildings, like the high school, See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• BANK

bank, national See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre and the so-called New See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace, stand forth prominently . The See also:

• TOWN

town was formerly divided into three parts, namely, the Old town, the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian town (Sava-Makhala or Save See also:

• DISTRICT

district), and the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish town (Dorcol, or See also:

• CROSS

Cross-road) . A great See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, however, took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the course of the l9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and the old divisions are only partially applicable, while there has to be added the Tirazia, an important suburban See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension along the See also:

• LINE

line of the See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct or Tirazi . A few old Turkish houses, built of See also:

• PLASTER

plaster, with red-tiled See also:

• ROOFS

roofs, are See also:

• LEFT

left among the See also:

• ILL

ill-paved and insanitary districts bordering upon the rivers, but as the royal See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, the seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and the centre of the import See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, Belgrade was, after 1869 . rapidly transformed into a See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• EUROPEAN

European town, with wide streets, electric tramways and electric See also:

• LIGHTING

lighting . Only the multitude of small gardens, planted with limes, acacias and lilacs, and the See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright costumes of the Servian or Hungarian peasants, remain to distinguish it from a western capital .

For a town of such importance, which is also the seat of the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan of Servia, Belgrade has very few churches, and these are of a somewhat modest type . There were, in 1900, four Servian Orthodox churches, including the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, one See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, one Evangelical chapel (See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German), two synagogues and one See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque . This last is kept up entirely at the expense of the Servian government . The highest educational establishments are to be found in Belgrade: the Velika Shkola (a small university with three faculties), the military See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy, the theological See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, the high school for girls, a commercial academy, and several See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for secondary See also:

• EDUCATION

education on German See also:

• MODELS

models . A commercial tribunal, a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal and the court of cassation are also in Belgrade . There is a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael (r86o–1868) who succeeded in removing the Turkish See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison from the Belgrade citadel and obtaining other Turkish fortresses in Servia by skilful See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy . There are also an interesting national museum, with Roman antiquities and numismatic collections, a national library with a See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of old Servian See also:

• MSS

MSS. among its 40,000 volumes, and a botanical See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in specimens of the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan See also:

• FLORA

flora . To promote See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce there are a stock and produce See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange (Berza), a national bank, privileged to issue notes, and several other banking establishments . The See also:

• INSURANCE

insurance See also:

• WORK

work is done by See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign companies . The bulk of the foreign trade of Servia passes through Belgrade, but the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial output of the city itself is not large, owing to the scarcity both of labour and capital . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are See also:

• BREWING

brewing, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding and the manufacture of See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, boots, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, cigarettes, matches, pottery, preserved See also:

• MEAT

meat and See also:

• CONFECTIONERY (from Lat. confectio, conficere, compound)

confectionery . The railway from See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople crosses the Save by a fine See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge on the south-west, above the landing-place for steamers .

Farther south is the See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park of Topchider, with an old Turkish kiosk built for Prince Milosh (1818–1839) in the beautifully laid-out grounds . In the adjoining See also:

• FOREST

forest of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-trees, called Koshutnyak or the " See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer-park," Prince Michael was assassinated in r868 . Just opposite the citadel, in a north-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly direction, See also:

• HALF

half-an-See also:

• HOUR

hour by steamer across the Danube, lies the Hungarian town of See also:

• SEMLIN (Hungarian, Zimony; Servian, Zemun)

Semlin . For administrative purposes, Belgrade forms a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . The first fortification of the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, at the confluence of the Save and the Danube, was made by the Celts in the 3rd century B.C . They gave it the name of Singidunum, by which Belgrade was known until the 7th century AM . The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans took it from the Celts, and replaced their fort by a See also:

• REGULAR

regular Roman castrum, placing in it a strong garrison . Roman bricks, dug up in the fortress, See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the inscription, Legio IV . Flavia See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix . From the 4th to the beginning of the 6th century A.D. it often changed its masters (See also:

• HUNS

Huns, Sarmatians, Goths, Gepids); then the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Justinian brought it once more under Roman See also:

• RULE

rule and fortified and embellished it . Towards the end of the 8th century it was taken by the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne . In the .9th century it was captured by the Bulgarians, and held by them until the beginning of the 11th century, when the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine emperor See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil II. reconquered it for the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• EMPIRE

empire .

The Hungarians, under See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, took it from the Greeks in 1124 . From that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it was constantly changing hands—Greeks, Bulgarians, Hungarians, replacing each other in turn . The city was considered to be the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, and its See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession was believed to secure possession of Servia, besides giving command of the See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic between the Upper and the See also:

• LOWER

Lower Danube . It has, in consequence, seen more battles under its walls than most fortresses in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The See also:

• TURKS

Turks used to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call it Darol-i-Jehad, " the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of See also:

• WARS

wars for faith." During the 14th century it was in the hands of the Servian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings . The Servian prince See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Brankovich ceded it to the Hungarians in 1427 . The Turkish forces unsuccessfully besieged the cityin 1444 and 1456, on which last occasion a glorious victory was obtained by the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian garrison, led by the famous See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Hunyady and the enthusiastic See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk John Capistran . In 1521 See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan See also:

• SULEIMAN

Suleiman took it from the Hungarians, and from that See also:

• YEAR

year it remained in Turkish possession until 1688, when the Austrians captured it, only to lose it again in 169o . In 1717 Prince See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy conquered it for See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, which kept it until 1739, improving the fortifications and giving great impulse to the commercial development of the town . From 1739 to 1789 the Turks were again its masters, when, in that last year, the Austrians under See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Laudon carried it by See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault, only to lose it again in 1792 . In 1807 the Servians, having risen for their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, forced the Turkish garrison to capitulate, and became masters of Belgrade, which they kept until the end of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1813, when they abandoned it to the Turks . Up to the year 1862 not only was the fortress of Belgrade garrisoned by Turkish troops, but the Danubian slope of the town was inhabited by Turks, living under a See also:

• SPECIAL

special Turkish ad-ministration, while the modern See also:

• PART

part of the town (the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of the ridge and the western slope) was inhabited by Servians living under their own authorities .

This dual government was a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant cause of See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction between the Servians and the Turks, and on the occasion of one conflict between the two parties the Turkish See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the fortress bombarded the Servian part of the town (See also:

• JUNE

June 1862) . The indirect consequence of this incident was that in 1866, on the categoric demand of Prince Michael of Servia, and under the See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic pressure of the great See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, the sultan withdrew the Turkish garrison from the citadel and delivered it to the Servians . (C .