See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

RITTER VON See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

LUDWIG See also:

• RITTER VON LUDWIG BENEDEK (1804-1881)

BENEDEK (1804-1881)  , See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Odenburg in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary on the 14th of See also:

• JULY

July 1804, his See also:

• FATHER

father being a See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor . He received his See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in the Austrian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army as See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

ensign in 1822, becoming See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in 1825, first lieutenant in 1831 and See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in 1835 . He was employed for a considerable See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the general See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, and had risen to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel, when he won his first laurels in the suppression of the rising of 1846 in See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia (see See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

AUSTRIA: See also:

• HISTORY

History) . In this See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign his bold leadership in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and his capacity for organization were so far conspicuous that he was made a See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

Ritter (See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight) of the See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order by his See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, and a See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

freeman (Ehrenburger) by the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

Lemberg . In 1847 he commanded a See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and on the outbreak of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia he was placed in command of a mixed See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of which he displayed against See also:

• REGULAR

regular troops the same qualities of unhesitating bravery and See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution which had given him the victory in many actions with the Galician rebels . His conduct at Curtatone won for him the commandership of the Leopold order, and shortly afterwards the See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood of the Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa order . At' the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• MORTARA

Mortara his See also:

• TACTICAL

tactical skill and bravery were again conspicuous, and See also:

• RADETZKY, JOSEF, COUNT OF RADETZ (1766-1858)

Radetzky particularly distinguished him in despatches . The See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert, with whom he served, is said to have given him the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword of his father, the See also:

• GREAT

great archduke See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles . He was promoted See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-general soon after-wards over the heads of several colonels See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior to him, and was sent as a brigade See also:

• COMMANDER

commander to Hungary . Again he was distinguished as a fighting general at Raab, Komorn, Szegedin and many other actions, and was three times wounded . See also:

• BENEDEK, LUDWIG, RITTER VON (1804-1881)

Benedek then received the See also:

• CROSS

cross for military merit, and soon afterwards was posted to the staff of the army in Italy . In 1852 he was made lieutenant field See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal, and in 1857 commander successively of the II., the IV. and the VIII. See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, and also a Geheimrath .

In the See also:

• POLITICAL

political crisis of 1854 he had command of a corps in the army of observation under See also:

• HESS
• HESS, HEINRICH HERMANN JOSEF, FREIHERR VON (1788-1870)

Hess on the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish frontier . In the war of 1859 in Italy, Benedek commanded the VIII. corps, and at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• SOLFERINO

Solferino was in command of the right of the Austrian position . That portion of the struggle which was fought out between Benedek and the Piedmontese army is sometimes called, the battle of See also:

• SAN

San Martino . Benedek, with magnificent gallantry, held his own all See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and in the end covered the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Austrian army to the Mincio . His See also:

• REWARD

reward was the commandership of the order of Maria Theresa, and See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna and many 'other cities followed the example of Lemberg in 1846 . His reputation was now at its highest, and his great popularity was enhanced, in the prevailing discontent with the reactionary and clerical See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of previous years, by the fact that he was a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant and not of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth . He was promoted Feldzeugmeister and in 186o appointed quartermaster-general to the army, and soon afterwards See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general and commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief in Hungary, in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the archduke Albert . In 1861 he was made commander-in-chief in See also:

• VENETIA

Venetia and the. adjoining provinces of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year he received the See also:

• GRAND

grand cross of the Leopold order . In 1864 he resigned the quartermaster-generalship and devoted himself exclusively to the command of the army in Italy . In 1861 he had been made a See also:

• LIFE

life-member of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of peers . In 1866 war with See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia and with Italy became imminent . Benedek was appointed to command the Army of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North against the Prussians, the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of affairs in Italy being taken over by the archduke Albert .

For the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the campaign of See also:

• KONIGGRATZ (Czech, Hradec Kralove)

Koniggratz, in which the Austrians under Benedek's command were decisively defeated, see SEVEN See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

WEEKS' WAR . Benedek took over his new command as a stranger to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and to the troops . Only the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal command of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor and the See also:

• REQUESTS, COURT OF

requests of the archduke Albert prevailed upon him to "See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour," as he himself said, in a task for which he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt himself See also:

• ILL

ill prepared . When he took the field his despondency was increased by the passive obstruction which he met with amongst his own See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, many of whom resented being placed under a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle class instead of the archduke Albert, and by the general See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of unpreparedness which he found existing at the front . Further, his own staff was self-willed to the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of disloyalty, and his assistants, Lieutenant Field Marshal von Henikstein, and Major-General Krismanic in particular, endeavoured to controlBenedek's operations in the spirit of the 18th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century strategists . Under these circumstances, and against the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, moral and armament of the Prussians, the Austrians were foredoomed to defeat . A See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of partial actions convinced Benedek that success was unattainable, and' he telegraphed to the emperor advising him to make See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace; the emperor refused on the ground that no decisive battle had been fought; Benedek, thereupon, instead of retreating across the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe, determined to bring on a decisive engagement, and took up a position with the whole of his forces near Koniggratz with the Elbe in his See also:

• REAR

rear . Here he was completely defeated by the Prussians on the 3rd of July, but they could not prevent him from making See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good his retreat over the See also:

• RIVER

river in magnificent order on the evening of the battle . He See also:

• CON

con-ducted the operations of his army in retreat up to the great concentration at Vienna under the archduke Albert, and was then suspended from his command and a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial ordered; the emperor, however, in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December determined that the inquiry should be stopped . Benedek from this time lived in See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute retirement, and having given his word of honour to the archduke Albert that he would not See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to rehabilitate himself before the See also:

• WORLD

world, he published no See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of his conduct, and even destroyed his papers See also:

• RELATING

relating to the campaign of 1866 . This attitude of self-sacrificing See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty he maintained even when on the 8th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1866 the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official Wiener Zeitung published an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in which he was made responsible for all the disasters of the war . The history of the campaign from the Austrian point of view as at See also:

• PRESENT

present known leaves much unexplained, and the published material is primarily of a controversial See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character .

The official Osterreichs Kampfe speaks of the unfortunate general in the following terms: " A career full of achievements, distinction and fame deserved a less tragic See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close . A dispassionate See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment will not forget the ever fortunate and successful deeds which be accomplished earlier in the service of the emperor, and will ensure for him, in spite of his last heavy misfortune (Last), an See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable memory." Praise of his earlier career could not well be denied, and the official history is careful not to extend its eulogy to coverthe events of 1866; the recognition in these words cannot therefore be set against the general See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of subsequent critics that Benedek was the victim of political necessities, perhaps of court intrigues . For the rest of his life Benedek lived at See also:

• GRAZ [GRATZ]

Graz, where he died on the 27th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1881 . See H . Friedjung, Benedeks nachgelassenePapiere (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 19o1, 3rd and enlarged ed., 1904), and Der Kampf See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

urn See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Vorherrschaft in Deutschland 1859-z866 (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1897, 6th ed., 1904) ; v . Schlichtling, See also:

• MOLTKE, ADAM GOTTLOB, COUNT (1710-1792)
• MOLTKE, ADAM WILHELM, COUNT (1785-1864)
• MOLTKE, HELMUTH CARL BERNHARD, COUNT VON (1800-1891)

Moltke and Benedek (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1900), also therewith A . Krauss, Moltke, Benedek and See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon (Vienna, 1901); and a See also:

• ROMAN

roman a de by Grafin Salburg, entitled Konigsglaube (See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, 1906) . The brief memoir in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie re-presents the court view of Benedek's See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case .