See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

SAINT See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

BENEDICT OF NURSIA (c. 48o-c. 544)  , the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of Western monks . Our only authority for the facts of St See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict's See also:

• LIFE

life is bk. ii of St See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory's Dialogues . St Gregory declares that he obtained his See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information from four of St Benedict's disciples, whom he names; and there can be no serious See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for doubting that it is possible to reconstruct the outlines of St Benedict's career (see See also:

• HODGKIN, THOMAS (1831- )

Hodgkin, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and her Invaders, 412) . A precise See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology and a See also:

• PEDIGREE

pedigree have been supplied for Benedict, according to which he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 480, of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• FAMILY

family of the Anicii; but all we know is what St Gregory tells us, that he was born of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good family in Nursia, near See also:

• SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

Spoleto in See also:

• UMBRIA
• UMBRIA ('Opj3pucrl)

Umbria . His See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth must have occurred within a few years of the date assigned; the only fixed See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological point is a visit of the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• TOTILA (d. 552)

Totila to him in 543, when Benedict was already established at See also:

• MONTE

Monte Cassino and advanced in years (See also:

• DIAL

Dial. ii . 14, 15) . He was sent by his parents to frequent the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, but shocked by the prevailing licentiousness he fled away . It has been usual to represent him as a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere boy at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, but of See also:

• LATE

late years various considerations have been pointed out which make it more likely that he was a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . He went to the mountainous districts of the Abruzzi, and at last came to the ruins of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace and the artificial See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake at See also:

• SUBIACO (anc. Sublaqueum)

Subiaco, 40 M. from See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . Among the rocks on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the valley opposite the palace he found a See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave in which he took up his See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode, unknown to all except one friend, See also:

• ROMANUS

Romanus, a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk of a neighbouring monastery, who clothed him in the monastic See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit and secretly supplied him with See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . No one who has seen the spot will doubt that the Sacro Speco is indeed the cave wherein Benedict spent the three years of opening manhood in solitary See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, contemplation and austerity . After this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of formation his fame began to spread abroad, and the monks of a neighbouring monastery induced him to become their See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot; but their lives were irregular and dissolute, and on his trying to put down abuses they attempted to See also:

• POISON

poison him .

He returned to his cave, but disciples flocked to him, and in time he formed twelve monasteries in the neighbourhood, placing twelve monks in each, and himself retaining a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over all . In time See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians and senators from Rome entrusted their young sons to his care, to be brought up as monks; in this manner came to him his two best-known disciples, Maurus and Placidus . Driven from Subiaco by the See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy and molestations of a neighbouring See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, but leaving behind him communities in his twelve monasteries, he himself, accompanied by a small See also:

• BAND

band of disciples, journeyed See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south until he came to Cassino, a See also:

• TOWN

town halfway between Rome and See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . Climbing the high See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain that overhangs the town, he established on the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit the monastery with which his name has ever since been associated, and which for centuries was a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief centre of religious life for western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . He destroyed the remnants of paganism that lingered on here, and by his See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching gained the rustic See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . Few other facts of his career are known: there is See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of his See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding a monastery at See also:

• TERRACINA (Lat. Tarracina, Volsc. Anxur)

Terracina; his See also:

• DEATH

death must have occurred soon after Totila's visit in 543 . See also:

• RULE

Rule of St Benedict.—In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to understand St Benedict's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and spirit, and to discover the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of the success of his See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute, it is necessary, as St Gregory says, to turn to his Rule . St Gregory's characterization of the Rule as " conspicuous for its discretion" touches the most essential quality . The relation of St Benedict's Rule to earlier monastic rules, and of his institute to the prevailing monachism of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, is explained in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article See also:

• MONASTICISM (Gr. p.ovacrnabs, living alone, µ6vos)

MONASTICISM . Here it is enough to say that nowadays it is commonly recognized by students that the manner of life instituted by St Benedict was not intended to be, and as a See also:

• MATTER

matter of fact was not, one of any.great austerity, when judged by the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of his own day (see E . C . See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler, Lausiac See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• PALLADIUS, RUTILIUS TAURUS AEMILIANUS

Palladius, See also:

• PART

part i. pp .

251-256) . His monks were allowed proper clothes, sufficient food, ample See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep . The only bodily austerities were the See also:

• ABSTINENCE (from Lat. abstinere, to abstain)

abstinence from flesh See also:

• MEAT

meat and the unbroken fast till See also:

• MID

mid-day or even 3 P.M., but neither would appear so onerous in Italy even now, as to us in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern climes . Midnight See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office wa's' no part of St Benedict's Rule: the time for rising for the See also:

• NIGHT

night office varied from 1.30 to 3.0, according to the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, and the monks had had unbroken sleep for 72 or even 8 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, except in the hot See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, when in See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation they were allowed the traditional See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian summer siesta after the mid-day See also:

• MEAL

meal . The canonical office was chanted throughout, but the directly religious duties of the day can hardly have taken more than 4 or 5 hours—perhaps 8 on Sundays . The remaining hours of the day were divided between See also:

• WORK

work and See also:

• READING

reading, in the proportion (on the See also:

• AVERAGE

average of the whole See also:

• YEAR

year) of about 6 and 4 hours respectively . The " reading " in St Benedict's time was probably confined to the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible and the Fathers . The " work " contemplated by St Benedict was ordinarily See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field work, as was natural in view of the conditions of the time and best suited to the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the monks; but the principle laid down is that the monks should do whatever work is most useful . There were from the beginning young boys in the monastery, who were educated by the monks according to the ideas of the time . We have seen St Benedict evangelizing the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan population See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Monte Cassino; and a considerable time each day is assigned to the reading of the Fathers . Thus the germs of all the chief See also:

• WORKS

works carried on by his monks in later ages were to be found in his own monastery . The Rule consists of a See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue and 73 chapters .

Though it has resisted all attempts to reduce it to an ordered See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, and probably was not written on any set See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, still it is possible roughly to indicate its contents: after the prologue and See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

introductory See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter setting forth St Benedict's intention, follow instructions to the abbot on the manner in which he should govern his monastery (2, 3) ; next comes the ascetical portion of the Rule, on the chief monastic virtues (4-7); then the regulations for the celebration of the canonical office, which St Benedict calls " the Work of See also:

• GOD

God " or " the divine work," his monks' first See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, "of which nothing is to take See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence " (8-2o); faults and punishments (23-30); the cellarer and See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the monastery(31, 32); community of goods (33, 34); various officials and daily life (21, 22, 35-57); reception of monks (58-61); See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous (62-73) . The most remarkable chapters, in which St Benedict's See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom stands out most conspicuously, are those on the abbot (2, 3, 27,64) . The abbot is to govern the monastery with full and unquestioned patriarchal authority; on important matters he must consult the whole community and hear what each one, even the youngest, thinks; on matters of less See also:

• WEIGHT

weight he should consult a few of the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder monks; but in either See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the decision rests entirely with him, and all are to acquiesce . He must, however, See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear in mind that he will have to render an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of all his decisions and to See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer for the souls of all his monks before the See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment seat of God . Moreover, he has to govern in accordance with the Rule, and must endeavour, while enforcing discipline and implanting virtues, not to sadden or " overdrive " his monks, or give them cause for " just murmuring." In these chapters pre-eminently appears that See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of " discretion," as St Gregory calls it, or See also:

• HUMANISM (from Lat. humanus, human, connected with holm)

humanism as it would now be termed, which without doubt has been a chief cause of the success of the Rule . There is as yet no satisfactory See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of-the Rule, either See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical or See also:

• MANUAL

manual; the best manual text is See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt's editio See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor (See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg, 1892) . Of the many commentaries the most valuable are those of See also:

• PAULUS
• PAULUS (older form PAur.Lus), LUCIUS AEMILIUS
• PAULUS, HEINRICH

Paulus Diaconus (the earliest, c . 800), of See also:

• CALMET, ANTOINE AUGUSTIN (1672–1757)

Calmet and of Martene (See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, See also:

• PATROL, (Fr. patrouiller, connected with pane, foot)

Patrol . See also:

• LAT

Lat. lxvi.) .