BENEVENTO  , a See also:

• TOWN

town and archiepiscopal see of See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Benevento, 6o m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail and 32 M. See also:

• DIRECT

direct N.E. of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, situated on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill 400 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level at the confluence of the Calore and Sabbato . Pop . (1901) town, 17,227; See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, 24,137 . It occupies the site of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Beneventum, originally Maleventum or Maluentum, supposed in the imperial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period to have been founded by See also:

• DIOMEDES

Diomedes . It was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief town of the See also:

• SAMNITES

Samnites, who took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge here after their defeat by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans in 314 B.C . It appears not to have fallen into the hands of the latter until See also:

• PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)

Pyrrhus's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence in See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, but served them as a See also:

• BASE

base of operations in the last See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against him in 275 B.C . A Latin See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony was planted there in 268 B.C., and it was then that the name was changed for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of the See also:

• OMEN (a Latin word, either connected with os, mouth, or more probably with auris (Gr. ois, ear; apparently, meaning " a thing heard " or " spoken ")

omen, and probably then that the Via See also:

• APPIA, VIA

Appia was extended from See also:

• CAPUA (anc. Casilinum;, a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 7 M. W. by rail from the town oI Caserta. Pop. (1901) 14
• CAPUA (mod. S. Maria di Capua Vetere)

Capua to Beneventum . It remained in the hands of the Romans during both the Punic and the Social See also:

• WARS

Wars, and was a fortress of importance to them . The position is strong, being protected by the two See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers mentioned, and the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval fortifications, which are nearly 2 M. in length, probably follow the ancient See also:

• LINE

line, which was razed to the ground by See also:

• TOTILA (d. 552)

Totila in 728 A.D . 542 . After the Social See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War it became a See also:

• MUNICIPIUM (Lat. munus, a duty or privilege, capere, to take)

municipium and under See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus a colony . Being a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting point of six See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main roads,' it was much visited by travellers .

Its importance is vouched for by the many remains of antiquity which it possesses, of which the most famous is the triumphal See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch erected in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan by the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate and See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in A.D . 114, with important reliefs See also:

• RELATING

relating to its See also:

• HISTORY

history (E . Petersen in Romische Mitleilungen, 1892, 241; A. von Domaszewzki in Jahreshefte See also:

• DES

des Osterreich. archdologischen Instituts, 1899, 173) . There are also considerable remains of the ancient See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, a large cry ptoporticus 197 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long known as the ruins of Santi Quaranta, and probably an See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium (according to Meomartini, the portion preserved is only a fraction of the whole, which once measured 1791 ft. in length) and an ancient See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick arch (called the Arco del See also:

• SACRAMENTO

Sacramento), while below the town is the See also:

• PONTE (Ital. for " bridge ")

Ponte Lebroso, a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge of the Via Appia over the Sabbato, and along the road to See also:

• AVELLINO

Avellino are remains of thermae . Many See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions and ancient fragments may be seen built into the houses; in front of the Madonna delle Grazie is a See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull in red See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, and in the Piazza Papiniano the fragments of two Egyptian obelisks erected in A.D . 88 in front of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• ISIS (Egyptian Ese)

Isis in honour of See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian . In 1903 the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of this temple were discovered See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the Arch of Trajan, and many fragments of See also:

• FINE

fine sculptures in both the Egyptian and the See also:

• GRECO, EL

Greco-See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style belonging to it were found . They had apparently been used as the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of a portion of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, reconstructed in A.D . 663 under the fear of an attack by See also:

• CONSTANS, JEAN ANTOINE ERNEST (1833– )

Constans, the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, the temple having been destroyed under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, St Barbatus, to provide the necessary material (A . Meomartini, O . Marucchi and L . Savignoni in Notizie degli Scani, 1904, 107 sqq.) .

Not long after it had been sacked by Totila Benevento became the seat of a powerful Lombard duchy and continued to be See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent until 1053, when the emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. ceded it to See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo IX. in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for the bishopric of See also:

• BAMBERG

Bamberg; and it continued to be a papal See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession until 18o6, when See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon granted it to Talleyrand with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince . In 1815 it returned to the papacy, but was See also:

• UNITED

united to Italy in 186o . See also:

• MANFRED (c. 1232–1266)

Manfred lost his See also:

• LIFE

life in 1266 in See also:

• BATTLE

battle with See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou not far from the town . Much damage has been done by earthquakes from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of S . See also:

• SOFIA (Bulgarian Sredetz, the middle town, a name now little used)

Sofia, a circular edifice of about 76o, now modernized, the roof of which is supported by six ancient columns, is a relic of the Lombard period; it has a fine See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century constructed in See also:

• PART

part of fragments of earlier buildings; while the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral with its fine arcaded See also:

• FACADE

facade and incomplete square campanile (begun in 1279) See also:

• DATES

dates from the 9th century and was rebuilt in 1114 . The See also:

• BRONZE

bronze doors, adorned with bas-reliefs, are See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good; they may belong to the beginning of the 13th century . The interior is in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a See also:

• BASILICA

basilica, the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double aisles being See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by ancient columns, and contains ambones and a See also:

• CANDELABRUM (from Lat. candela, a taper or candle)

candelabrum of 1311, the former resting on columns supported by lions, and decorated with reliefs and coloured See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic . The See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle at the highest point of the town was erected in the 14th century . Benevento is a station on the railway from Naples to See also:

• FOGGIA

Foggia, and has See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch lines to See also:

• CAMPOBASSO

Campobasso and to Avellino . See A . Meomartini, Monumenti e opere d'Arte di Benevento (Benevento, 1899) ; T .

See also:

• ASHBY, TURNER (1824-1862)

Ashby, Melanges de l'ecole franraise, 1903, 416 . (T . As.) BENEVOLENCE (See also:

• LAT

Lat. bene, well, and volens, wishing), a See also:

• TERM

term for an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of kindness, or a See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of See also:

• MONEY

money, or goods, but used in a See also:

• SPECIAL

special sense to indicate sums of money, disguised as gifts, which were extorted by various See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings from their subjects, without consent of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . Among the numerous methods which have been adopted by sovereigns everywhere to obtain support from their people, that of demanding gifts has frequently found a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and consequently it is the word and not the method which is See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to English history . See also:

• EDWARD

Edward II. and See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II . 1 These were (I) the prolongation of the Via Appia from Capua, (2) its continuation to See also:

• TARENTUM
• TARENTUM (Gr. rapas)

Tarentum and See also:

• BRUNDISIUM (Gr. Bpevrkwv, mod. Brindisi)

Brundisium, of which there were two different lines between Beneventum and Aquilonia at different dates (see APPIA, VIA), (3) the Via Traiana to Brundisium by Herdoniae, (4)" the road to See also:

• TELESIA [mod. Telese]

Telesia and See also:

• AESERNIA (mod. Isernia)

Aesernia, (5) the road to Aesernia by See also:

• BOVIANUM

Bovianum, (6) the road to Abellinum and Salernum.had obtained funds by resorting to forced loans, a practice which as probably not unusual in earlier times . Edward IV., however, discarded even the pretence of repayment, and in 1473 the word benevolence was first used with reference to a royal demand for a gift . Edward was very successful in these efforts, and as they only concerned a limited number of persons he did not incur serious unpopularity . But when Richard III. sought to emulate his See also:

• BROTHER

brother's example, protests were made which led to the passing of an act of parliament in 1484 abolishing benevolences as " new and unlawful inventions." About the same time the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle of Croyland referred to a benevolence as a " nova et inaudita impositio muneris ut per benevolentiam quilibet daret id quod vellet, immo verius quod See also:

• NOLLET, JEAN ANTOINE (1700-1770)

nollet." In spite of this act Richard demanded a further benevolence; but it was Henry VII. who made the most extensive use of this See also:

• SYSTEM

system . In 1491 he sent out commissioners to'obtain gifts of money, and in 1496 an act of parliament enforced See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of the sums promised on this occasion under See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of imprisonment . Henry's See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• MORTON, JAMES DOUGLAS, 4TH EARL OF (c. 1525-1581)
• MORTON, JOHN (c. 1420-1500)
• MORTON, JOHN MADDISON (1811-1891)
• MORTON, LEVI PARSONS (1824- )
• MORTON, OLIVER PERRY (1823-1877)
• MORTON, THOMAS (1564-1659)
• MORTON, THOMAS (c. 1590-1646)

Morton, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, was the traditional author of a method of raising money by benevolences known as " Morton's See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

Fork." If a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man lived economically, it was reasoned he was saving money and could afford a See also:

• PRESENT

present for the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . If, on the contrary, he lived sumptuously, he was evidently wealthy and could likewise afford a gift .

Henry VII. obtained consider-able sums of money in this manner; and in 1545 Henry VIII. demanded a " loving contribution " from all who possessed lands See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth not less than See also:

• FORTY

forty shillings a See also:

• YEAR

year, or chattels to the value of £15; and those who refused to make payment were summoned before the privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council and punished . See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth took loans which were often repaid; and in 1614 See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. ordered the sheriffs and magistrates in each See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county and See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough to collect a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general benevolence from all persons of ability, and with some difficulty about £40,000 was collected . Four counties had, how-ever, distinguished themselves by protests against this demand, and the act of Richard III. had been cited by various objectors . Representatives from the four counties were accordingly called before the privy council, where See also:

• SIR

Sir Edward See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

Coke defended the See also:

• ACTION

action of the king, quoted the Tudor precedents and urged that the act of 1484 was to prevent exactions, not voluntary gifts such as James had requested . Subsequently See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John was fined and imprisoned for making a violent protest against the benevolence,and on the occasion of his trial Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon defended the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request for money as voluntary . In 1615 an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to exact a benevolence in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland failed, and in 162o it was decided to demand one for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate . Circular letters were sent out, punishments were inflicted, but many excuses were made and only about £34,000 was contributed . In 1621 a further attempt was made, See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges of See also:

• ASSIZE

assize and others were ordered to See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press for contributions, and wealthy men were called before the privy council and asked to name a sum at which to be rated . About £88,000 was thus raiged, and in 1622 See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• FIENNES, NATHANIEL (c. 1608-1669)

Fiennes, 1st See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount Saye and Sele, was imprisoned for six months for protesting . This was the last time benevolences were actually collected, although in 1622 and 1625 it was proposed to raise money in this manner . In 1633 Charles I. consented to collect a benevolence for the recovery of the Palatinate for Charles See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, the son of his See also:

• SISTER

sister Elizabeth, but no further steps were taken to carry out the project . See W .

See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs, Constitutional History of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, vol. iii . (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1895) ; H . See also:

• HALLAM
• HALLAM, ROBERT (d. 1417)

Hallam, Constitutional History of England, vol. i . (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1855) ; T . P . Taswell-Langmead, English Constitutional History (London, 1896) ; S . R . See also:

• GARDINER
• GARDINER, JAMES (1688-1745)
• GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON (1829–1902)
• GARDINER, STEPHEN (c. 1493–1555)

Gardiner, History of England, passim (London, 1893) .