See also:

• BENGAZI (anc. Hesperides-Berenice)

BENGAZI (anc. See also:

• HESPERIDES

Hesperides-See also:

• BERENICE
• BERENICE, or BERNICE

Berenice)  , a seaport on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the sanjak of See also:

• BENGAZI (anc. Hesperides-Berenice)

Bengazi or See also:

• BARCA (mod. Merj)

Barca, formerly in the vilayet of See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli, but, since 1875, dependent directly on the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of the interior at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople . It is situated on a narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of See also:

• LAND

land between the Gulf of Sidra and a See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh, in 3o° 7' N. See also:

• LAT

lat. and 2o° 3' E. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . Though for the most See also:

• PART

part poorly built, it has one or two buildings of some pretension—an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, a See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque, a Franciscan monastery, See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government buildings and See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks . See also:

• SENUSSI [SANUSI]

Senussi See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence is strong and there is a large zawia (See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent) . The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is See also:

• HALF

half silted up with See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and the ruins of fortifications, and is accessible only to vessels of See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught . A lighthouse has been erected at the entrance, but reefs render approach difficult, and the See also:

• OUTER

outer anchorage is fully exposed to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and north and not See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good holding . The export See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is largely in See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, shipped to See also:

• BRITISH

British and other maltsters . The See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan produce (See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich feathers, &c.) formerly brought to Bengazi by See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan, has now been almost wholly diverted to Tripoli, the eastern tracks from See also:

• WADAI

Wadai and See also:

• BORKU, or BORGU

Borku by way of Kufra to Aujila having become so unsafe that their natural difficulties are no longer See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth braving . Consular vigilance has also killed the once considerable slave trade . Trade in other commodities, however, is on the increase, exports now amounting to nearly half a million See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling and imports to half that figure . The neighbouring coast is frequented by See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian sponge-fishers, the See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry being a valuable one . The See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Bengazi, being still without telegraphs or roads, is one of the most backward in the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire .

Founded by the Greeks of See also:

• CYRENAICA

Cyrenaica under the name See also:

• HESPERIDES

Hesperides, the See also:

• TOWN

town received from See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy III. the name of See also:

• BERENICE
• BERENICE, or BERNICE

Berenice in compliment to his wife . The ruins of the ancient town, which superseded See also:

• CYRENE [mod. Ain Shahat-Grenna]

Cyrene and Barca as See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the province after the 3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D., are now nearly buried in the sand . The See also:

• MODERN

modern town lies See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original site . Certain large natural pits which are found in the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain behind, and have luxuriant gardens at the bottom, are supposed to have originated the myth of the Gardens of the Hesperides . Ancient tombs are found, which in 1882 yielded See also:

• FINE

fine Greek vases to G . See also:

• DENNIS, JOHN (1657—1734)

Dennis, then British See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul . The See also:

• PRESENT

present name is derived from that of a Moslem See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint whose See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, near the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-ccast, is an See also:

• OBJECT

object of veneration . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, amounting to about 25,000, is greatly mixed . Levantines, Maltese, Greeks and See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the trading community, but since 1895, when a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Agenzia Italiana Commerciale was established at Bengazi, Italians have exercised an increasing influence on Cyrenaic See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . See also:

• TURKS

Turks, See also:

• ARABS

Arabs and See also:

• BERBERS

Berbers are the ruling castes, and negroes See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as labourers and domestics . Many of these found their way to See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, and becoming porters, &c. in See also:

• CANEA, or KHANIA

Canea and See also:

• CANDIA

Candia, were notorious for turbulence and fanaticism . In 1897 and 1898 the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European admirals forcibly deported consignments of the worst characters back to Bengazi .

In 1858 and again in 1874 the town was devastated by See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague (see also TRIPOLI and CYRENAICA) . (D . G .