See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE See also:

• JEAN

JEAN DE See also:

• PIERRE JEAN DE BERANGER (178o-1857)

BERANGER (178o-1857)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• SONG

song-writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 19th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1780 . The aristocratic de was a piece of groundless vanity on the See also:

• PART

part of his See also:

• FATHER

father, who had assumed the name of See also:

• BERANGER, PIERRE JEAN DE (178o-1857)

Beranger de Mersix . He was descended in truth from a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country innkeeper on the one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, and, on the other, from a tailor in the See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

rue Montorgueil . Of See also:

• EDUCATION

education, in the narrower sense, he had but little . From the roof of his first school he beheld the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of the See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille, and this stirring memory was all that he acquired . Later on he passed some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in a school at Peronne, founded by one Bellenglise on the principles of See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau, where the boys were formed into clubs and regiments, and taught to See also:

• PLAY

play solemnly at politics and See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . Beranger was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club, made speeches before such members of See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention as passed through Peronne, and See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up addresses to See also:

• TALLIEN, JEAN LAMBERT (1767-1820)

Tallien or See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre at Paris . In the meanwhile he learned neither See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek nor Latin —not even French, it would appear; for it was after he See also:

• LEFT

left school, from the printer Laisney, that he acquired the elements of See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar . His true education was of another sort . In his childhood, shy, sickly and skilful with his hands, as he sat at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home alone to carve See also:

• CHERRY

cherry stones, he was already forming for himself those habits of retirement and patient elaboration which influenced the whole See also:

• TENOR (through Fr. and It. from Lat. tenor, holding on, course, sense of a law, tone)

tenor of his See also:

• LIFE

life and the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of all that he wrote . At Peronne he learned of his See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good aunt to be a stout republican; and from the doorstep of her See also:

• INN

inn, on quiet evenings, he would listen to the See also:

• THUNDER

thunder of the guns before See also:

• VALENCIENNES

Valenciennes, and fortify himself in his passionate love of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and distaste for all things See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign . Although he could never read See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, he had been educated on Telemaque, See also:

• RACINE
• RACINE, JEAN (1639-1699)
• RACINE, LOUIS (1692-1763)

Racine and the dramas of See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire, and taught, from a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, in the tradition of all that is highest and most correct in French .

After serving his aunt for some time in the capacity of waiter, and passing some time also in the See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing-See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of one Laisney, he was taken to Paris by his father . Here he saw much See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation, and many low royalist intrigues . In 18o2, in consequence of a distressing See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel, he left his father and began life for himself in the See also:

• GARRET (from the O. Fr. garite, modern guerite, a watch-tower, connected ultimately with " guard " and " ward ")

garret of his ever memorable song . For two years he did See also:

• LITERARY

literary hackwork, when he could get it, and wrote pastorals, epics and all manner of ambitious failures . At the end of that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period (1804) he wrote to Lucien See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte, enclosing some of these attempts . He was then in See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• HEALTH

health, and in the last See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of misery . His See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch was pledged . His See also:

• WARDROBE

wardrobe consisted of one pair of boots, one greatcoat, one pair of See also:

• TROUSERS

trousers with a hole in the See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee, and " three bad shirts which a friendly See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand wearied itself in endeavouring to mend." The friendly hand was that of See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

Judith See also:

• FRERE, JOHN HOOKHAM (1769-1846)
• FRERE, PIERRE EDOUARD (1819-1886)
• FRERE, SIR HENRY BARTLE EDWARD (1815-1884)

Frere, with whom he had been already more or less acquainted since 1796, and who continued to be his faithful See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion until her See also:

• DEATH

death, three months before his own, in 1857 . She must not be confounded with the Lisette of the songs; the pieces addressed to her (La Bonne Vieille, Maudit printemps, &c.) are in a very different vein . Lucien Bonaparte interested himself in the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young poet, transferred to him his own See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of moo francs from the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute, and set him to See also:

• WORK

work on a Death of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero . Five years later, through the same patronage, although indirectly, Beranger became a clerk in the university at a See also:

• SALARY

salary of another thousand . Meanwhile he had written many songs for convivial occasions, and " to See also:

• CONSOLE (a French form, supposed to be an abbreviation of consolide, from Lat. consolidare, to strengthen)

console himself under all misfortunes "; some, according to M .

Boiteau, had been already published by his father, but he set no See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store on them himself; and it was only in 1812, while watching by the sick-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of a friend, that it occurred to him to write down the best he could remember . Next See also:

• YEAR

year he was elected to the Caveau Mode/me, and his reputation as a song-writer began to spread . See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

Manuscript copies of See also:

• LES

Les See also:

• GUEUX, LES

Gueux, Le Senateur, above all, of Le Roi d' Yvetat, a See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire against See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, whom he was to magnify so much in the. sequel, passed from hand to hand with See also:

• ACCLAMATION (Lat. acclamatio, a shouting at)

acclamation . It was thus that all his best See also:

• WORKS

works went abroad; one See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man sang them to another over all the See also:

• LAND

land of France . He was the only poet of See also:

• MODERN

modern times who could altogether have dispensed with printing . His first collection escaped censure . " We must See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon many things to the author of Le Roi d' See also:

• YVETOT

Yvetot," said See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII . The second (1821) was more daring . The apathy of the Liberal See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp, he says, had convinced him of the need for some See also:

• BUGLE

bugle See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call of awakening . This publication lost him his situation in the university, and subjected him to a trial, a See also:

• FINE

fine of 500 francs and an imprisonment of three months . Imprisonment was a small affair for Beranger . At Sainte Pelagic he occupied a See also:

• ROOM

room (it had just been quitted by See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Louis See also:

• COURIER (from the O. Fr. courier, modern courrier, from Lat. currere, to run)
• COURIER, PAUL LOUIS (1773`1825)

Courier), warm, well furnished, and preferable in every way to his own poor lodging, where the See also:

• WATER

water froze on See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter nights .

He adds, on the occasion of his second imprisonment, that he found a certain See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm in this quiet, claustral existence, with its See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long evenings alone over the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . This second imprisonment of nine months, together with a fine and expenses amounting to 'too francs, followed on the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of his See also:

• FOURTH

fourth collection . The See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government proposed through See also:

• LAFFITTE, JACQUES (1767-1844)
• LAFFITTE, PIERRE (1823-1903)

Laffitte that, if he would submit to See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment without appearing or making defences, he should only be condemned in the smallest See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty . But his public spirit made him refuse the proposal; and he would not even ask permission to pass his See also:

• TERM

term of imprisonment in a Maison de sante, although his health was more than usually feeble at the time . " When you have taken your stand in a contest with government, it seems to me," he wrote, " ridiculous to complain of the blows it inflicts on you, and impolitic to furnish it with any occasion of generosity." His first thought in La Force was to alleviate the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the other prisoners . In the revolution of See also:

• JULY

July he took no inconsiderable part . Copies of his song, Le Vieux Drapeau, were served out to the insurgent See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd . He had been for long the intimate friend and adviser of the leading men; and during the decisive See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week his counsels went a good way towards shaping the ultimate result . " As for the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, that See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream of my whole life," he wrote in 1831, "I did not wish it should be given to uls a second time unripe." Louis Philippe, See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing how much the song-writer had done towards his See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation, expressed a wish to see and speak with him; but Beranger refused to See also:

• PRESENT

present himself at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and used his favour only to ask a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for a friend, and a pension for Rouget de 1'Isle, author of the famous Marseillaise, who was now old and poor, and whom he had been already succouring for five years . In 1848, in spite of every possible expression of his reluctance, he was elected to the Constituent See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly, and that by so large a number of votes (204,471) that he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt himself obliged toaccept the seat . Not long afterwards, and with great difficulty, he obtained leave to resign . This was the last public event of Beranger's life .

He continued to See also:

• POLISH

polish his songs in retirement, visited by nearly all the famous men of France . He numbered among his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends See also:

• CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTE DE (1768–1848)

Chateaubriand, See also:

• THIERS

Thiers, Jacques Laffitte, See also:

• MICHELET, JULES (1798-1874)

Michelet, . See also:

• LAMENNAIS, HUGUES

Lamennais, See also:

• MIGNET, FRANCOIS AUGUSTE ALEXIS (1796–1884)

Mignet . Nothing could exceed the amiability of his private character; so poor a man has rarely been so See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in good actions; he was always ready to receive help from his friends when he was in need, and always forward to help others . His See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence is full of See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom and kindness, with a See also:

• SMACK

smack of See also:

• MONTAIGNE, MICHEL DE (1533-1592)

Montaigne, and now and then a vein of pleasantry that will remind the See also:

• ENGLISH

English reader of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• LAMB (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Lamm)
• LAMB, CHARLES (1775–1834)

Lamb . He occupied some of his leisure in preparing his own See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs, and a certain See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on Social and See also:

• POLITICAL

Political Morality, intended for the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, a work he had much at See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, but judged at last to be beyond his strength . He died on the 16th July 1857 . It was feared that his funeral would be the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for some political disturbance; but the government took immediate See also:

• MEASURES

measures, and all went quietly . The streets of Paris were lined with soldiers and full of townsfolk, silent and uncovered . From time to time cries arose:—" Honneur, honneur a Berangerl" The songs of Beranger would scarcely be called songs in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . They are elaborate, written in a clear and sparkling See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, full of wit and incision . It is not so much for any lyrical flow as for the happy turn of the phrase that they claim superiority .

Whether the subject be See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay or serious, See also:

• LIGHT

light or passionate, the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium remains untroubled . The See also:

• SPECIAL

special merits of the songs are merits to be looked for rather in English See also:

• PROSE

prose than in English See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse . He worked deliberately, never wrote more than fifteen songs a year and often less, and was so fastidious that he has not preserved a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of what he finished . " I am a good little See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit of a poet," he says himself, " See also:

• CLEVER

clever in the See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft, and a conscientious worker to whom old airs and a modest choice of subjects (le See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin ou je me suis confine) have brought some success." Nevertheless, he makes a figure of importance in literary See also:

• HISTORY

history . When he first began to cultivate the chanson, this See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

• LAY

lay under some contempt, and was restricted to slight subjects and a humorous See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise of treatment . Gradually he filled these little chiselled toys of verbal perfection with ever more and more of sentiment . From a date comparatively See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early he had determined to sing for the people . It was for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason that he fled, as far as possible, the houses of his influential friends and came back gladly to the garret and the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street corner . Thus it was, also, that he came to acknowledge obligations to Emile Debraux, who had often stood between him and the masses as interpreter, and given him the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key-See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note of the popular See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour . Now, he had observed in the songs of sailors, and all who labour, a prevailing See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of sadness; and so, as he See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew more masterful in this sort of expression, he sought more and more after what is deep, serious and See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant in the thoughts of See also:

• COMMON

common men . The See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution was slow; and we can see in his own works examples of every See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, from that of witty indifference in fifty pieces of the first collection, to that of See also:

• GRAVE

grave and even tragic feeling in Les Souvenirs du peuple or Le Vieux Vagabond . And this innovation involved another, which was as a sort of prelude to the great romantic See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement .

For the chanson, as he says himself, opened up to him a path in which his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius could develop itself at ease; he escaped, by this literary See also:

• POSTERN (from 0. Fr. posterne, posterle, Late Lat. posterula, small back-door, posterus, behind)

postern, from strict academical requirements, and had at his disposal the whole See also:

• DICTIONARY

dictionary, four-fifths of which, according to La Harpe, were forbidden to the use of more regular and pretentious See also:

• POETRY

poetry . If he still kept some of the old vocabulary, some of the old imagery, he was yet accustoming people to hear moving subjects treated in a manner more See also:

• FREE

free and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple than heretofore; so that his was a sort of conservative reform, preceding the violent revolution of See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo and his See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of uncompromising romantics . He seems himself to have had glimmerings of some such See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea; but he withheld his full approval from the new movement on two grounds:—first, because the romantic school misused somewhat brutally the delicate organism of the French See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language; and second, as he wrote to Sainte-Beuve in 1832, because they adopted the See also:

• MOTTO (an Italian word, from Late Lat. muttum, a low sound, a mutter or murmur, cf. mutere, to mutter; the Latin word also gives Fr. mot, word)

motto of "See also:

• ART

Art for art," and set no See also:

• OBJECT

object of public usefulness before them as they wrote . For himself (and this is the third point of importance) he had a strong sense of political responsibility . Public See also:

• INTEREST

interest took a far higher place in his estimation than any private See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion or favour . He had little See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration for those erotic poets who sing their own loves and not the common sorrows of mankind, " who forget," to quote his own words, " forget beside their See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress those who labour before the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord." Hence it is that so many of his pieces are political, and so many, in the later times at least, inspired with a socialistic spirit of indignation and revolt . It is by this See also:

• SOCIALISM

socialism that he becomes truly modern and touches hands with See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

Burns . published by Jules Brivois in 1876 . (R . L .