See also:

• ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

ALPHONSE See also:

• MARIE

MARIE MARCELLIN See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

THOMAS See also:

• ALPHONSE MARIE MARCELLIN THOMAS BERENGER (1785-1866)

BERENGER (1785-1866)  , known as See also:

• BERENGER, ALPHONSE MARIE MARCELLIN THOMAS (1785-1866)

Berenger de la See also:

• DROME

Drome, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French lawyer and politician, son of a See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy of the third See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of See also:

• DAUPHINE

Dauphine to the Constituent See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• VALENCE

Valence on the 31st of May 1785 . He entered the magistracy and became procureur See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general at See also:

• GRENOBLE

Grenoble, but resigned this See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office on the restoration of the Bourbons . He now devoted himself mainly to the study of criminal See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and in 1818 published La See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice criminelle en See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in which with See also:

• GREAT

great courage he attacked the See also:

• SPECIAL

special tribunals, provosts' courts or military commissions which were the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments of the Reaction, and advocated a return to the old See also:

• COMMON

common law and trial by See also:

• JURY

jury . The See also:

• BOOK

book had a considerable effect in discrediting the reactionary policy of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government; but it was not until 1828, when Berenger was elected to the chamber, that he had an opportunity of exercising a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on affairs as a member of the See also:

• GROUP

group known as that of constitutional opposition . His courage, as well as his moderation, was again displayed during the revolution of 183o, when, as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission for the trial of the ministers of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X., he braved the fury of the See also:

• MOB

mob and secured a See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of imprisonment in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the See also:

• DEATH

death See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty for which they clamoured . His position in the chamber was now one of much influence, and he had a large See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the modelling of the new constitution, though his effort to secure a hereditary See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage failed . Above all he was instrumental in framing the new criminal See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code, based on more humanitarian principles, which was issued in 1835 . It was due to him that, in 1832, the right, so important in actual French practice, was given to juries to find " extenuating. circumstances " in cases when See also:

• GUILT

guilt involved the death penalty . In 1831 he had been made a member of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal (tour de cassation), and the same See also:

• YEAR

year was nominated a member of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of moral and See also:

• POLITICAL

political sciences . He was raised to the peerage in 1839 . This dignity he lost owing to the revolution of 1848; and as a politician his career now ended . As a See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, however, his activity continued .

He was president of the high courts of See also:

• BOURGES

Bourges and See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles in 1849 . Having been appointed president of one of the See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers of the court of cassation, he devoted himself entirely to judicial See also:

• WORK

work until his retirement, under the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age limit, on the 31st of May 186o . He now withdrew to his native See also:

• TOWN

town, and occupied himself with his favourite work of reform of criminal law . In 1833 he had shared in the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of a society for the reclamation of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young criminals, in which he continued to be actively interested to the end . In 1851 and 1852, on the commission of the academy of moral sciences, he had travelled in France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England for the purpose of examining and comparing the penal systems in the two countries . The result was published in 1855 under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title La Repression penale, comparaison du systeme penitentiaire en France et en Angleterre . He died on the 15th of May 1866 . His son, RENE BERENGER (1830- ), continued the work of his See also:

• FATHER

father, and at the outbreak of the revolution of 187o was avocat general of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons . He served as a volunteer in the Franco-See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, being wounded at Nuits on the 28th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December . Returned to the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Assembly by the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Drome, he was for a few days in 1873 See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of public See also:

• WORKS

works under See also:

• THIERS

Thiers . He then entered the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, of which he was See also:

• VICE

vice-president from 1894 to 1897 . He founded in 1871 a society for the reclamation of discharged prisoners, and presided over various bodies formed to secure improvement of the public morals .

He succeeded Charles See also:

• LUCAS, CHARLES (1713–1771)
• LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR (1849– )
• LUCAS, SIR CHARLES (d. 1648)

Lucas in 1890 at the Academy of Moral and Political See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science .