pronounced See also:

• pronounced Berkshire] BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks
• BERKSHIRE, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1587–1669)

Berkshire] BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks  , a See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N. by See also:

• OXFORDSHIRE (or OxoN)

Oxfordshire and See also:

• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (abbreviated Bucks)
• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, EARLS OF

Buckinghamshire, E. by See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey, S. by See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire, W. by Wilt-See also:

• SHIRE

shire, and N.W. for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance by See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire . Its See also:

• AREA

area is 721.9 sq. m . Its entire See also:

• NORTHERN

northern boundary is formed by the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• THAMES

Thames, in the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of which practically the whole county is included . In the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west a narrow and broken See also:

• LINE

line of hills, pierced in the west by the See also:

• COLE, SIR HENRY (1808–1882)
• COLE, THOMAS (1801–1848)
• COLE, TIMOTHY (1852– )
• COLE, VICAT (1833–1893)

Cole stream, which here forms the county boundary, extends past See also:

• FARINGDON

Faringdon and culminates in a height over 500 ft. at Cumnor See also:

• HURST, JOHN FLETCHER (1834-1903)

Hurst, which, with Wytham See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, fills a deep northward See also:

• BEND

bend of the Thames, and overlooks the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford from the west . The range separates the Thames valley from the Vale of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse which is traversed by the small river Ock, and bounded on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south by a line of hills known as the White Horse Hills or See also:

• BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks, pronounced Berkshire]
• BERKSHIRE, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1587–1669)

Berkshire See also:

• DOWNS

Downs, richly wooded along their See also:

• BASE

base, and rising sharply to See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare rounded summits . In White Horse Hill on the western confines of the county a height of 856. ft. is reached . The line of these hills is continued north-eastward by the Chiltern Hills in Oxfordshire, but a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division between the two is made by the Thames in a narrow valley or See also:

• GAP

gap at See also:

• GORING, GEORGE GORING, LORD (1608-1657)

Goring . Southward the Downs are scored with deep narrow valleys, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of which are those of the See also:

• LAMBOURN

Lambourn and the Pang . The last stream runs eastward directly to the Thames; but the Lambourn and others join the Kennet, which drains a beautiful sylvan valley to the Thames at See also:

• READING

Reading . Another line of downs closely confines the vale of Kennet on the south from See also:

• NEWBURY

Newbury upwards, and although the greater See also:

• PART

part of these does not fall within the county, their highest point, Inkpen See also:

• BEACON (from the O. Eng. beacn, a sign, cf. " beckon," another form of the same word)

Beacon (See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll ft.), does so . The Enborne stream, rising here, and flowing parallel to the Kennet until turning north to join it, is for a considerable distance the county boundary . Between Reading and See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor the Thames makes a northward bend, past See also:

• HENLEY, JOHN (1692-1759)
• HENLEY, WILLIAM ERNEST (1849-1903)

Henley and See also:

• MARLOW (GREAT MARLOW)

Marlow, in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of three sides of a square .

Within the bend slight hills border the river, but south of these, and in the Loddon valley south of Reading, the county is See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low and See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat . In the south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the county, however, there is a high sandy See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, forming part of Bagshot See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

Heath, over 400 ft. in See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation, and extending into Surrey . See also:

• FIR

Fir-See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods are characteristic of this See also:

• DISTRICT

district, and northward towards the Thames extends the royal See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park of Windsor, which is magnificently timbered . The proportion to the See also:

• TOTAL

total area of the county which is under woods is, however, by no means so See also:

• GREAT

great as in the adjacent counties of Surrey and Hampshire . There is See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout-fishing in the Kennet and some of its feeders . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The dominant feature of the county, the Chiltern and White Horse Hills, owes its form to the See also:

• CHALK

Chalk, which spreads from Ashhury and See also:

• HUNGERFORD
• HUNGERFORD, WALTER HUNGERFORD, BARON (d. 1449)

Hungerford on the west to Henley and See also:

• MAIDENHEAD

Maidenhead on the east . In the northern See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the escarpment we find the See also:

• LOWER

Lower Chalk with a hard See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, the Totternhoe See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone; on the southern slope lies the Chalk-with-Flints . At Kintbury it is quarried for the manufacture of See also:

• WHITING
• WHITING (Gadus merlangus)

whiting . At the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Chalk escarpment is the Upper See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand with a narrow See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop towards the west which is broken up into patches eastwards . Looking northward from the Chalk hills, the low-lying ground is occupied successively by the See also:

• GAULT

Gault See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay, the Kimmeridge Clay, and finally by the Oxford Clay, which extends beyond the Thames into Oxfordshire . This low-lying See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract is relieved by an elevated See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of See also:

• CORALLIAN (Fr. Corallun)

Corallian beds, between the Kimmeridge Clay and the Gault . It extends from near Faringdon past See also:

• ABINGDON

Abingdon to Cumnor and Wytham Hill .

At Faringdon there are some interesting gravels of Lower Greensand See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, full of the fossil remains of See also:

• SPONGES

sponges . South of the Chalk, the county is occupied by See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene rocks, mottled See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, well exposed in the brickfields about Reading, and hence called the Reading beds . At Finchampstead, Sunninghill and See also:

• ASCOT

Ascot, these deposits are overlaid by the more sandy beds of the Bagshot See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . Between the two last named formations is a broad outcrop of See also:

• LONDON

London Clay . Numerous outliers of Eocene See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest on the Chalk beyond the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main line of boundary . The Chalk of Inkpen Beacon is brought up to the south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary rocks by a synclinal See also:

• FOLD

fold; similarly, an anticline has brought up the small patch of Chalk in Windsor Park . Clay-with-Flints lies in patches and holes on the chalk, and See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint gravels occur high up on either side of the Thames . Fairly thick beds of See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat are found in the See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium of the Kennet at Newbury . See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—About seven-ninths of the total area is under cultivation; a large proportion of this being in permanent pasture, as much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is paid to See also:

• DAIRY

dairy-farming . See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

Butter and See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese are largely produced, and the making of condensed See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk is a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . Many See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep are pastured on the Downs, important sheep-markets being held at the small See also:

• TOWN

town of East or See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market Ilsley; and an excellent breed of pigs is named after the county . The parts about Faringdon are specially noted for them .

Oats are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain crop; although a considerable acreage is under See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat . Turnips and swedes are largely cultivated, and apples and cherries are grown . Besides the royal See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Windsor, fine county seats are especially numerous . The only manufacturing centre of first importance is Reading, which is principally famous for its See also:

• BISCUIT (pronounced according to the old spelling " bisket," a Fr. form from Lat. bis, twice, and coctum, cooked, in reference to the original method of preparation; cf. Ital. biscotto, Sp. bizcocho, &c.)

biscuit factories . The manufacture of clothing and carpets is carried on at Abingdon; but a woollen industry introduced into the county as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the Tudor See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period is See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . See also:

• ENGINEERING

Engineering See also:

• WORKS

works and See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills are established at various places; and See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-See also:

• BUILDING

building is carried on at Reading and other See also:

• RIVERSIDE

riverside stations . There are extensive See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed warehouses and testing grounds near Reading; and the Kennet and Windsor See also:

• ALES (ALEsIus), ALEXANDER (1500-1565)

ales are in high repute . Whiting is manufactured from chalk at Kintbury on the Kennet . Communications.—Communications are provided principally by the Great Western railway, the main line of which crosses the county from east to west by Maidenhead, Reading and Didcot . A branch line serves the Kennet valley from Reading; and the northern line of the See also:

• COMPANY

company leaves the main line at Didcot, a branch from it serving Abingdon . The See also:

• BASINGSTOKE

Basingstoke branch runs south from Reading, and lines serve See also:

• WALLINGFORD

Wallingford from Cholsey, and Faringdon from Uffington . Communication with the south of England is maintained by a See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint line of the South Western and South Eastern & See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham companies terminating at Reading, and there are branches of the Great Western and South Western systems to Windsor .

The Lambourn valley See also:

• LIGHT

light railway runs north-west to Lambourn from Newbury . Wide See also:

• WATER

water-communications are afforded by the Thames, and the Kennet is in part canalized, to form the eastern portion of the Kennet and See also:

• AVON

Avon See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal See also:

• SYSTEM

system, connecting with the See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol Avon above See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The area of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient county is 462,208' acres; with a population in 1891 of 239,138, and in 1got of 256,509 . The area of the administrative county is 462,367 acres . The county contains twenty hundreds . The municipal boroughs are Abingdon (pop . 648o), Maidenhead (12,980), Newbury (11,o6r), Reading, the county town and a county See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough (72,217), Wallingford (2808), Windsor or New Windsor (14,130), See also:

• WOKINGHAM

Wokingham (3551) . See also:

• WANTAGE

Wantage (3766) is an See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban district . Among lesser towns may be mentioned Faring-See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

don in the north-west (2900), Hungerford on the Kennet (2906), and Lambourn in the valley of that name (2071), the villages of See also:

• BRAY
• BRAY, SIR REGINALD (d. 1503)
• BRAY, THOMAS (1656-1730)

Bray (2978), Cookham (3874) and Tilehurst (2545), which, like others on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Thames, have grown into residential towns; and See also:

• SANDHURST

Sandhurst (2386) . The county is in the Oxford See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Reading . It has one See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter sessions, and is divided into twelve pettysessional divisions . The boroughs of Abingdon, Newbury, Maidenhead, Reading, Wallingford and Windsor have See also:

• SEPARATE

separate commissions of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and Abingdon, Newbury, Reading and Windsor have separate courts of quarter sessions .

There are 198 See also:

• CIVIL

civil parishes . Berkshire forms an archdeaconry in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Oxford; a small portion, however, falls within the diocese of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury . There are 202 ecclesiastical parishes or districts, wholly or in part within the county . There are three See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions, Northern or Abingdon, Southern or Newbury, and Eastern or Wokingham, each returning one member; while the parliamentary borough of Reading returns one member, and parts of the borough of Oxford and Windsor are included in the county . There are several important educational establishments in the county . Radley See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College near Abingdon, See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington College near Sandhurst, and Bradfield College, at the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of that name, 8 m. west of Reading, are among the more important See also:

• MODERN

modern public See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for boys . Bradfield College was founded in 1850, and is well known for the realistic performances of classical See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek plays presented by the scholars in an open See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre designed for the purpose . Abingdon and Reading schools See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank among the lesser public schools . At Reading is a university See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension college, and in the south-east of the county is the Sandhurst Royal Military College . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—During the See also:

• HEPTARCHY (Gr. 1rra seven, and apxi, rule)

Heptarchy Berkshire formed part of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Wessex, and interesting See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of Saxon occupation have been discovered in various parts of the county . Of these the most remarkable are the See also:

• BURIAL

burial grounds at Long Wittenham and Frilford, and there is See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that the Lam-bourn valley was occupied in early Saxon times . The cinerary urns found in Berkshire undoubtedly contain the ashes of the Anglians who came south under See also:

• PENDA

Penda in the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

The fortification called Cherbury Castle, not far from Denchworth, is said to have been first made up by Canute . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman invasion Berkshire formed part of the earldom of Harold, and supported him stanchly at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings . This See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty was punished by very sweeping confiscations, and at the time of the Domesday survey no estates of any importance were in the hands of Englishmen . When See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred divided the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country into shires, this county received the name of Berrocscir, as See also:

• ASSER, or ASSERIUS MENEVENSIS (d. c. 910)

Asser says, " from the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood of Berroc, where the See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree grows most plentifully."' At the time of the survey it comprised twenty-two hundreds; at the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day there are only twenty, of which eleven retain their ancient names . Many parishes have been transferred from one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred to another, but the actual boundary of the county is practically unchanged . Part of the parishes of Shilton and Langford formed detached portions of the shire, until included in Oxfordshire in the reign of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William IV . Portions of See also:

• COMBE, ANDREW (1797-1847)
• COMBE, GEORGE (1788-1858)
• COMBE, or COOMB
• COMBE, WILLIAM (1741–1823)

Combe and Shalbourne parishes have also been restored to Hampshire and See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

Wiltshire respectively, while the Wiltshire portion of Hungerford has been transferred to Berkshire . The county was originally included in the see of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester, but in A.D . 909 it was removed to the newly-formed see of " Wiltshire," afterwards See also:

• UNITED

united with See also:

• SHERBORNE

Sherborne . In 1075 the seat of the bishopric was removed to Salisbury, and in 1836 by an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council Berkshire was transferred to the diocese of Oxford . The archdeaconry is of very early origin and is co-extensive with the county . Formerly it comprised four rural deaneries, but the number has lately been increased to nine .

Much of the early history of the county is recorded in the See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Abingdon, which at the time of the survey was second only to the See also:

• CROWN

crown in the extent and number of its possessions . The See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot also exercised considerable judicial and administrative See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, and his court was endowed with the privileges of the hundred court and was freed from liability to interference by the See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff . Berkshire and Oxfordshire had a See also:

• COMMON

common sheriff until the reign of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, and the shire court was held at Grauntpont . The assizes were formerly held at Reading, 1 The derivation from Bibroci, a See also:

• BRITISH

British tribe in the time of See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, which probably inhabited Surrey or See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex, seems philologically impossible . Abingdon and Newbury, but are now held entirely at Reading . At the time of the Domesday survey the chief See also:

• LAY

lay-proprietor was See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry de See also:

• FERRERS
• FERRERS, LAURENCE SHIRLEY, 4TH EARL (1720-1760)

Ferrers, ancestor of the earls of See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby, but it is remarkable that none of the great Berkshire estates has remained with the same See also:

• FAMILY

family long . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

Fuller quaintly observes that " the lands of Berkshire are very skittish and See also:

• APT

apt to See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast their owners." The De la Poles succeeded to large estates by a See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with the heiress of Thomas See also:

• CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (? 1340-1400)

Chaucer, son of the poet, but the family became extinct in the male line, and the estates were alienated . The same See also:

• FATE

fate befell the estates of the Achards, the Fitzwarrens and later the families of See also:

• NORRIS
• NORRIS, FRANK (1870—1902)
• NORRIS, HENRY NORRIS
• NORRIS, JOHN (1657-1711)
• NORRIS, SIR JOHN (c. 1547-1597)
• NORRIS, WILLIAM EDWARD (1847– )

Norris and Befils . The natural advantages of this county have always encouraged agricultural rather than commercial pursuits . The See also:

• SOIL

soil is especially adapted for sheep-farming, and numerous documents testify to the importance and prosperity of the See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool-See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in the 12th century . At first this trade was confined to the export of the raw material, but the reign of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. saw the introduction of the clothing industry, for which the county afterwards became famous . This trade began to decline in the 17th century, and in 1641 the Berkshire clothiers complained of the deadness of their trade and the difficulty of getting ready See also:

• MONEY

money, attributing the same to delay in the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice .

The malting industry and the See also:

• TIMBER

timber trade also flourished in the county until the 19th century . Agriculturally considered, the Vale of the White Horse is especially productive, and See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden speaks of the great crops of See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley grown in the district . Owing to its proximity to London, Berkshire has from early times been the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of frequent military operations . The earliest recorded See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical fact See also:

• RELATING

relating to the county is the occupation of the district between Wallingford and Ashbury by See also:

• OFFA
• OFFA (d. 796)

Offa in 758 . In the 9th and loth centuries the county was greatly impoverished by the ravages of the Danes, and in 871 the invaders were defeated by lEthelwulf at See also:

• ENGLEFIELD, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1520-1596)

Englefield and again at Reading . During the disorders of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen's reign Walling-See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

ford was garrisoned for See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda and was the scene of the final treaty in 1153 . Meetings took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place between See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John and his barons in 1213 at Wallingford and at Reading, and in 1216 Windsor was besieged by the barons . At the opening of the civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of the 17th century, the sheriff, on behalf of the in-habitants of Berkshire, petitioned that the county might be put in a posture of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, and here the royalists had some of their strongest garrisons . Reading endured a ten days' See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege by the parliamentary forces in 1643, and Wallingford did not surrender until 1646 . Newbury was the site of two battles in 1643 and 1644 . In 1295, Berkshire returned two members to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament for the county and two for the borough of Reading . Later the boroughs of Newbury, Wallingford, Windsor and Abingdon secured See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation, and from 1557 until the Reform See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1832 the county was represented by a total of ten members .

By this act Abingdon and Wallingford were each deprived of a member, but the county returned three members instead of two . Since the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 the county has returned three members for three divisions, and Windsor and Reading return one member each, the remaining boroughs having lost representation . Antiquities.—The remains of two great See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine monasteries at Abingdon and Reading are scanty . The ecclesiastical See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of the county is not remarkable, excepting a few individual churches . Thus for Norman See also:

• WORK

work the churches of Shellingford and Cholsey may be noted, together with the very small See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, of early date, at Upton near Didcot . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Blewbury in the same locality is in the main transitional Norman, and retains some of its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original vaulting . Of Early See also:

• ENGLISH

English churches there are several See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good examples, notably at Uffington, with its unusual angular-headed windows, See also:

• BUCKLAND, FRANCIS TREVELYAN (1826–188o)
• BUCKLAND, WILLIAM (1784–1856)

Buckland near Faringdon, and Wantage . The See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of St See also:

• HELEN

Helen's, Abingdon, well illustrates this period . The cruciform church of Shottesbrooke, with its central See also:

• SPIRE

spire, is a beautiful and almost unaltered Decorated building; and St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George's chapel in Windsor Castle is a superb specimen of Perpendicular work . Apart from Windsor, Berkshire retains no remarkable See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval castles or mansions . AuTHORITIEs.—Chief of the older works are: See also:

• ELIAS, JOHN (1774-1841)

Elias Ashmole Antiquities of Berkshire (3 vols., 1719, 2nd ed., London, 1723; 3rd ed., Reading, 1736) ; D. and S . Lysons, Magna Britannia, vol. i .

Other works are: See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall, Topographical and Statistical Details of the County of Berkshire (London, 183o); See also:

• EARL

Earl of See also:

• CARNARVON
• CARNARVON, EARLDOM OF

Carnarvon, See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology of Berkshire (London, 1859) ; C . See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King, History of Berk-shire (London, 1887) ; Lowsley, Glossary of Berkshire Words (London, 1888), and See also:

• INDEX

Index to See also:

• WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828-1891)

Wills in the Court of the See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

Archdeacon of Berkshire, 1508–z 65a (Oxford, 1893) ; See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria County History, Berkshire . See also The Berks Archaeological Society's Quarterly See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal, and Berkshire Notes and Queries .