See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

CLAUDE See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• CLAUDE BERNARD (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

BERNARD (1813-1878)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French physiologist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 12th of See also:

• JULY

July 1813 in the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-See also:

• JULIEN, STANISLAS (1797?-1873)

Julien near Villefranche . He received his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• EDUCATION

education in the Jesuit school of that See also:

• TOWN

town, and then proceeded to the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, which, however, he soon See also:

• LEFT

left to become assistant in a druggist's See also:

• SHOP

shop . His leisure See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours were devoted to the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of a See also:

• VAUDEVILLE

vaudeville See also:

• COMEDY

comedy, La See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose du See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone, and the success it achieved moved him to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt a See also:

• PROSE

prose See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama in five acts, See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur de Bretagne . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-one he went to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, armed with this See also:

• PLAY

play and an introduction to Saint-Marc See also:

• GIRARDIN, DELPHINE DE (1804–1855)
• GIRARDIN, EMILE DE (1802–1881)

Girardin, but the critic dissuaded him from adopting literature as a profession, and urged him rather to take up the study of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine . This See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice he followed, and in due course became interne at the Had Dieu . In this way he was brought into contact with the See also:

• GREAT

great physiologist, F . Magendie, who was physician to the See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, and whose See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official preparateur at the College de See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France he became in 1841 . Six years afterwards he was appointed his See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy-See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor at the college, and in 1855 he succeeded him as full professor . Some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time previously he had been chosen the first occupant of the newly-instituted See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology at the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne . There no laboratory was provided for his use, but See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, after an interview with him in 1864, supplied the deficiency, at the same time See also:

• BUILDING

building a laboratory at the natural See also:

• HISTORY

history museum in the Jardin See also:

• DES

des Plantes, and establishing a professorship, which See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard left the Sorbonne to accept in 1868—the See also:

• YEAR

year in which he was admitted a member of the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute . He died in Paris on the loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1878 and was accorded a public funeral—an See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour which had never before been bestowed by France on a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude Bernard's first important See also:

• WORK

work was on the functions of the See also:

• PANCREAS (Gr. rag, all; 1cpks, flesh)

pancreas gland, the juice of which he proved to be of great significance in the See also:

• PROCESS

process of digestion; this achievement won him the See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize for experimental physiology from the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences .

A second investigation—perhaps his most famous—was on the glycogenic See also:

• FUNCTION

function of the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver; in the course of this he was led to the conclusion, which throws See also:

• LIGHT

light on the See also:

• CAUSATION

causation of See also:

• DIABETES (from Gr. &a, through, and faivecv, to pass)

diabetes, that the liver, in addition to secreting bile, is the seat of an " See also:

• INTERNAL

internal secretion, " by which it prepares See also:

• SUGAR

sugar at the expense of the elements of the See also:

• BLOOD

blood passing through it . A third See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research resulted in the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the vaso-motor See also:

• SYSTEM

system . While engaged, about 1851, in examining the effects produced in the temperature of various parts of the See also:

• BODY

body by See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve or nerves belonging to them, he noticed that See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the cervical sympathetic gave rise to more active circulation and more forcible pulsation of the See also:

• ARTERIES (Gr. ap-rnpia, probably from a"spew, to raise, but popularly connected by the ancients with ai7P, air)

arteries in certain parts of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and a few months afterwards he observed that See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical excitation of the upper portion of the divided nerve had the contrary effect . In this way he established the existence of vaso-motor nerves—both vaso-dilatator and vaso-constrictor . The study of the physiological See also:

• ACTION

action of poisons was also a favourite one with him, his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention being devoted in particular to curare and See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon monoxide See also:

• GAS

gas . The earliest announcements of his results, the most striking of which were obtained in the ten years from about 185o to 186o, were generally made in the recognized scientific publications; but the full exposition of his views, and even the statement of some of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original facts, can only be found in his published lectures . The various See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of these Legons fill seventeen See also:

• OCTAVO

octavo volumes . He also published Introduction a la medecine experimentale (1865), and Physiologic generale (1872) . An See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LIFE

Life of Bernard, by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

Foster, was published in See also:

• LONDON

London in 1899 .