See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

FRANCESCO See also:

• FRANCESCO BERNI (1497–1536)

BERNI (1497–1536)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian poet, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about 1497 at Lamporecchio, in Bibbiena, a See also:

• DISTRICT

district lying alongthe Upper See also:

• ARNO (anc. Arnus)
• ARNO, ARN

Arno . His See also:

• FAMILY

family was of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good descent, but excessively poor . At an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he was sent to See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, where he remained till his 19th See also:

• YEAR

year . He then set out for See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, trusting to obtain some assistance from his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Bibbiena . The cardinal, however, did nothing for him, and he was obliged to accept a situation as clerk or secretary to See also:

• GHIBERTI, LORENZO (137$–1455)

Ghiberti, datary to See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement VII . The duties of his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, for which See also:

• BERNI, FRANCESCO (1497–1536)

Berni was in every way unfit, were exceedingly irksome to the poet, who, however, made himself celebrated at Rome as the most witty and inventive of a certain See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club of See also:

• LITERARY

literary men, who devoted them-selves to See also:

• LIGHT

light and sparkling effusions . So strong was the admiration for Berni's verses, that mocking or See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque poems have since been called poesie bernesca . About the year 1530 he was relieved from his See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude by obtaining a canonry in the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of Florence . In that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city he died in 1536, according to tradition poisoned by See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke Alessandro de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici, for having refused to See also:

• POISON

poison the duke's See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, Ippolito de' Medici; but considerable obscurity rests over this See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story . Berni stands at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of Italian comic or burlesque poets . For lightness, sparkling wit, variety of See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and fluent diction, his verses are unsurpassed . Perhaps, however, he owes his greatest fame to the recasting (Rifacimento) of See also:

• BOIARDO, MATTEO MARIA, COUNT (1434-1494)

Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato .

The enormous success of See also:

• ARIOSTO, LODOVICO (1474-1533)

Ariosto's Orlando Furioso had directed fresh See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the older poem, from which it took its characters, and of which it is the continuation . But Boiardo's See also:

• WORK

work, though good in See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, could never have achieved wide popularity on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the extreme ruggedness of its See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . Berni undertook the revision of the whole poem, avowedly altering no sentiment, removing or adding no incident, but simply giving to each See also:

• LINE

line and See also:

• STANZA (Low Lat. stantia, Ital. stantia or stanza)

stanza due gracefulness and See also:

• POLISH

polish . His task he completed with marvellous success; scarcely a line remains as it was, and the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion has pronounced decisively in favour of the revision over the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original . To each See also:

• CANTO (from the Lat. cantus, a song)

canto he prefixed a few stanzas of reflective See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse in the manner of Ariosto, and in one of these introductions he gives us the only certain See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information we have concerning his own See also:

• LIFE

life . Berni appears to have been favour-ably disposed towards the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation principles at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time introduced into See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and this may explain the bitterness of some remarks of his upon the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . The first edition of the Rifacimento was printed posthumously in 1541, and it has been supposed that a few passages either did not receive the author's final revision, or have been retouched by another See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . A partial See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Berni's Orlando was published by W . S . See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose (1823) .