See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

PAUL See also:

• PAUL BERT (1833-1886)

BERT (1833-1886)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French physiologist and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• AUXERRE

Auxerre (See also:

• YONNE

Yonne) on the 17th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1833 . He entered the Lcole Polytechnique at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris with the intention of becoming an engineer; then changing his mind, he studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law; and finally, under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the zoologist, L . P . Gratiolet (1815-1865), he took up See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology, becoming one of See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard's most brilliant pupils . After graduating at Paris as See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine in 1863, and doctor of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science in 1866, he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of physiology successively at See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux (1866) and the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne (1869) . After the revolution of 1870 he began to take See also:

• PART

part in politics as a supporter of See also:

• GAMBETTA, LEON (1838-1882)

Gambetta . In 1874 he was elected to the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly, where he sat on the extreme See also:

• LEFT

left, and in 1876 to the chamber of deputies . He was one of the most determined enemies of clericalism, and an ardent See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of " liberating See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• EDUCATION

education fromreligious sects, while rendering it accessible to every See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen." In 1881 he was See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of education and See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship in Gambetta's See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-lived See also:

• CABINET

cabinet, and in the same See also:

• YEAR

year he created a See also:

• GREAT

great sensation by a lecture on See also:

• MODERN

modern Catholicism, delivered in a Paris See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, in which he poured ridicule on the fables and follies of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief religious tracts and handbooks that circulated especially in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1886 he was appointed See also:

• RESIDENT

resident-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in See also:

• ANNAM, or ANAM

Annam and Tonkin, and died of See also:

• DYSENTERY (from the Gr. prefix Ova-, in the sense of " bad," and Evmpov, the intestine)

dysentery at See also:

• HANOI

Hanoi on the 11th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November of that year . But he was more distinguished as a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of science than as a politician or See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator . His classical See also:

• WORK

work, La Pression barometrique (1878), embodies researches that gained him the biennial See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of 20,000 francs from the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences in 1875, and is a comprehensive investigation on the physiological effects of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-pressure, both above and below the normal . His earliest researches, which provided him with material for his two doctoral theses, were devoted to See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal grafting and the vitality of animal tissues, and they were followed by studies on the physiological See also:

• ACTION

action of various poisons, on anaesthetics, on respiration and See also:

• ASPHYXIA (Gr. a- priv., a fn ts, a pulse)

asphyxia, on the causes of the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour in the See also:

• CHAMELEON

chameleon, &c .

He was also interested in See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable physiology, and in particular investigated the movements of the sensitive plant, and the influence of See also:

• LIGHT

light of different See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours on the See also:

• LIFE

life of vegetation . After about 188o he produced several elementary See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-books of scientific instruction, and also various publications on educational and allied subjects .