See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES FITZJAMES See also:

• JAMES FITZJAMES BERWICK

BERWICK  , See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DuKE of (1670-1734), See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was the natural son of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, afterwards James II. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, by Arabella See also:

• CHURCHILL (MISSINNIPPI or ENGLISH)
• CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764)
• CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH HENRY SPENCER (1849-1895)

Churchill (1648-1730), See also:

• SISTER

sister of the See also:

• GREAT

great duke of See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough . He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• MOULINS

Moulins (Bourbonnais) on the 21st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1670 . He received his See also:

• EDUCATION

education in France at the hands of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, and at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fifteen, his See also:

• FATHER

father having succeeded to the See also:

• THRONE

throne, he was sent to learn the business of a soldier under the famous See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine . He served his first See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, and was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Buda . He then returned to England, was made a See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel of the 8th See also:

• FOOT

Foot, and in 1687 created duke of See also:

• BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick, See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• TEIGNMOUTH
• TEIGNMOUTH, JOHN SHORE, 1ST BARON (1751-1834)

Teignmouth and See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• BOSWORTH, JOSEPH (1789–1876)

Bosworth . He then went out afresh to Hungary and was present at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Mohacz . On his return to England he was made K.G., colonel of the 3rd See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop of See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards (Royal Horse Guards See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue) and See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth, but soon afterwards the revolution forced him to flee to France . He served under James II. in the campaign in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, and was present at the battle of the See also:

• BOYNE

Boyne . For a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was See also:

• LEFT

left in Ireland as See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, but his youth and inexperience unfitted him for the See also:

• POST

post, and he was a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere puppet in stronger hands . He then took service in the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, fought under Marshal Luxembourg in See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, and took See also:

• PART

part in the battles of Steinkirk and See also:

• NEERWINDEN

Neerwinden, at the latter of which he was taken prisoner . He was, however, immediately exchanged for the duke of See also:

• ORMOND

Ormond, and afterwards he served under See also:

• VILLEROI, FRANCOIS DE NEUFVILLE

Villeroi . In 1695 he married the widow of See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick See also:

• SARSFIELD, PATRICK (? -1693)

Sarsfield, who died in 1698 .

His second See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, with See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne Bulkeley, took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in 1700 . As a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-general he served in the campaign of 1702, after which he became naturalized as a French subject in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to be eligible for the marshalate . In 1704, he first took command of the French army in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . So highly was he now esteemed for his courage, abilities and integrity, that all parties were anxious to have him on their See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side (Eloge, by See also:

• MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BREDE ET DE (1689-1755)

Montesquieu) . His See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of the command was, however, very short, and after one campaign he was replaced by the Marshal de Tesse . In 1705 he commanded against the See also:

• CAMISARDS (from camisade, obsolete Fr. for " a night attack," from the Ital. camiciata, formed from camicia—Fr. chemise—a shirt, from the fact of a shirt being worn over the armour in order to distinguish friends from foes)

Camisards in See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc, and when on this expedition he is said to have carried out his orders with remorseless rigour . His successful expedition against See also:

• NICE

Nice in 1706 caused him to be made marshal of France, and in the same See also:

• YEAR

year he returned to Spain as commander-in-chief of the Franco-See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish armies . On the 25th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1707, the duke won the great and decisive victory of Almanza, where an Englishman at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a French army defeated See also:

• RUVIGNY, HENRI DE MASSUE, MARQUIS DE

Ruvigny, earl of See also:

• GALWAY

Galway, a Frenchman at the head of an See also:

• ENGLISH

English army . The victory established See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip V. on the throne of Spain . Berwick was made a peer of France by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., and duke of Liria and of Xereca and lieutenant of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon by Philip . Thenceforward Berwick was recognized as one of the greatest generals of his time, and successively commanded in nearly all the theatres of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . From 1709 to 1712 he defended the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east frontier of France in a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns which, unmarked by any decisive battle, were yet See also:

• MODELS

models of the See also:

• ART

art of war as practised at the time .

The last great event of the War of the Spanish See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession was the storming of See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona by Berwick, after a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long siege, on the 11th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1714 . Three years later he was appointed military governor of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• GUIENNE

Guienne, in which post he became intimate with Montesquieu . In 1718 he found himself under the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of once more entering Spain with an army; and this time he had to fight against Philip V., the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king who owed chiefly to Berwick's courage and skill the safety of his throne . One of the marshal's sons, known as the duke of Liria, was settled in Spain, and was counselled by his father not to shrink from doing his See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty and fighting for his See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign . Many years of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace followed this campaign, and Marshal Berwick was not again called to serve in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field till 1733 . He advised and See also:

• CON

con-ducted the siege of Philipsburg, and while the siege was going on was killed by a See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon-shot on the 12th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1734 . Cool, self-possessed and cautious as a general, Marshal Berwick was at the same time not wanting in audacity and swiftness of See also:

• ACTION

action . He was a true general of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, not less in his care for the lives of his men than in his punctiliousness and rigidity in matters of discipline . The MImoires of Marshal Berwick, revised, annotated and continued by the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe See also:

• HOOKE, ROBERT (1635–1703)

Hooke, were published by the marshal's See also:

• GRAND

grand-son in 1778 . Montesquieu made many contributions to this .