JONS See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

JAKOB See also:

• JONS JAKOB BERZELIUS (1779-1848)

BERZELIUS (1779-1848)  , See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish chemist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Vafversunda Sorgard, near See also:

• LINKOPING

Linkoping, See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, on the loth (or 29th) of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1779 . After attending the gymnasium school at Linkoping he went to See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala University, where he studied See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, and graduated as M.D. in 1802 . Appointed assistant See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany and See also:

• PHARMACY

pharmacy at See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm in the same See also:

• YEAR

year, he became full professsor in 1807, and from 1815 to 1832 was professor of chemistry in the See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline medico-chirurgical institution of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . The Stockholm See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences elected him a member in 18o8, and in 1818 he became its perpetual secretary . The same year he was ennobled by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles XIV., who in 1835 further made him a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron . His See also:

• DEATH

death occurred at Stockholm on the 7th of August 1848 . During the first few years of his scientific career See also:

• BERZELIUS, JONS JAKOB (1779-1848)

Berzelius was mainly engaged on questions of physiological chemistry, but about 1807 he began to devote himself to what he made the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• OBJECT

object of his See also:

• LIFE

life—the elucidation of the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of chemical compounds through study of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of multiple proportions and the atomic theory . Perceiving the exact determination of atomic and molecular weights to be of fundamental importance, he spent ten years in ascertaining that See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant for some two thousand See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound bodies, and the results he published in 1818 attained a remarkable See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of accuracy, which was still further improved in a second table that appeared in 1826 . He used See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen-in his view the See also:

• PIVOT (Fr. pivot; probably connected with Ital. pivolo, peg, pin, diminutive of piva, pipa, pipe)

pivot See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round which the whole of chemistry revolves—as the basis of reference for the atomic weights of other substances, and the data on which he chiefly relied were the proportions of oxygen in oxygen compounds, the doctrines of isomorphism, and See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

Gay Lussac's law of volumes . When See also:

• VOLTA
• VOLTA, ALESSANDRO (1745-1827)

Volta's See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the electric See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell became known, Berzelius, with W . Hisinger (1766-1852), began experiments on the See also:

• ELECTROLYSIS (formed from Gr. Xbety, to loosen)

electrolysis of See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt solutions, See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia, sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, &c., and later this See also:

• WORK

work led him to his electrochemical theory, a full exposition of which he gave in his memoir on the Theory of Chemical Proportions and the Chemical See also:

• ACTION

Action of See also:

• ELECTRICITY

Electricity (1814) . This theory was founded on the supposition that the atoms of the elements are electrically polarized, the See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge predominating in some and the negative in others, and from it followed his dualistic See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis, according to which compounds are made up of two electrically different components .

At first this hypothesis was confined to inorganic chemistry, but subsequently he extended it to organic compounds, which he saw might similarly be regarded as containing a See also:

• GROUP

group or See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of atoms—a compound radicle—in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of simple elements . Although his conception of the nature of compound radicles did not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long retain See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general favour-indeed he himself changed it more than once—he is entitled to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as one of the chief founders of the radicle theory . Another service of the utmost importance which he rendered to the study of chemistry was in continuing and extending the efforts of See also:

• LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743-1794)

Lavoisier and his associates to establish a convenient See also:

• SYSTEM

system of chemical nomenclature . By using the initial letters of the Latin (occasionally See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek) names of the elements as symbols for them, and adding a small See also:

• NUMERAL (from Lat. numerus, a number)

numeral subscript, to show the number of atoms of each See also:

• PRESENT

present in a compound, he introduced the present system of chemical formulation (see CHEMISTRY) . Mention should also be made of the numerous improvements he effected in See also:

• ANALYTICAL

analytical methods and the technique of the See also:

• BLOWPIPE

blowpipe (Uber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Anwendung See also:

• DES

des Lothrohrs, 1820), of his See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification of minerals on a chemical basis, and of many individual researches such as those on See also:

• TELLURIUM [Symbol Te, atomic weight 127.5 (0=16)]

tellurium, See also:

• SELENIUM [symbol Se, atomic weight 79.2 (O=16)]

selenium, See also:

• SILICON [symbol Si, atomic weight 28.3 (0= 16)]

silicon, See also:

• THORIUM (symbol Th, atomic weight ,232.42 [0=16])

thorium, See also:

• TITANIUM [symbol Ti, atomic weight 48.1 (0 = 16)]

titanium, See also:

• ZIRCONIUM

zirconium and See also:

• MOLYBDENUM [symbol, Mo; atomic weight, 96 (0=16)]

molybdenum, most of which he isolated for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . Apart from his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs, of which he published over 250, mostly in Swedish in the Transactions of the Stock-holm Academy, his remarkable See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity is attested by his Lehrbuch der Chemie, which went through five See also:

• EDITIONS

editions (first 1803–1818, fifth 1843–1848) and by his Jahresbericht or See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the progress of physics and chemistry, prepared at the instance of the Stockholm Academy, of which he published 27 vols . (1821–1848) .