See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH WILHELM See also:

• FRIEDRICH WILHELM BESSEL (1784-1846)

BESSEL (1784-1846)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German astronomer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• MINDEN

Minden on the 22nd of See also:

• JULY

July 1784 . Placed at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fifteen in a counting-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house at See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen, he was impelled by his See also:

• DESIRE

desire to obtain a situation as See also:

• SUPERCARGO

supercargo on a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign voyage to study See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and finally See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy . In 1804 he calculated the See also:

• ORBIT (from Lat. orbita, a track, orbis, a wheel)

orbit of See also:

• HALLEY, EDMUND (1656–1742)

Halley's See also:

• COMET (Gr. Koµieiis, long-haired)

comet from observations made in 1607 by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• HARRIOT, or HARRIOTT, THOMAS (156o–1621)

Harriot, and communicated his results to H . W . M . Others, who procured their publication (Monatliche Correspondenz, x . 425), and re-commended the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young aspirant in 1805 for the See also:

• POST

post of assistant in J . H . See also:

• SCHROTER, JOHANN HIERONYMUS (1745-1816)

Schroter's See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory at Lilienthal . A, masterly investigation of the comet of 1807 (See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg, 1810) enhanced his reputation, and the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia summoned him, in 1810, to superintend the erection of a new observatory at Konigsberg; of which he acted as director from its completion in 1813 until his See also:

• DEATH

death . In this capacity he inaugurated the See also:

• MODERN

modern era of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical astronomy . For the purpose of improving knowledge of See also:

• STAR

star-places he reduced See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• BRADLEY, GEORGE GRANVILLE (1821–1903)
• BRADLEY, JAMES (1693–1762)

Bradley's See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich observations, and derived from them an invaluable See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of 3222 stars, published in the See also:

• VOLUME

volume rightly named Fundamenta Astronomiae (1818) .

In Tabulae Regiomontanae (1830), he definitively established the See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• SYSTEM

system of reduction still in use . During the years 1821-1833, he observed all stars to the ninth magnitude in zones extending from-r5° to +45° dec., and thus raised the number of those accurately determined to about 50,000 . He corrected the length of the seconds' pendulum in 1826, in a discussion re-published by H . Bruns in 1889; measured an arc of the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Prussia in 1831-1832; and deduced for the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth in 1841 an See also:

• ELLIPTICITY

ellipticity of T4-g . His ascertainment in 1838 (See also:

• ASIR

Asir . Nach., Nos . 365-366) of a parallaxof 0"•31 for 61 Cygni was the first See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic result of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind published . He announced in 1844 the binary See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Sirius and Procyon from their disturbed proper motions; and was preparing to attack the problem solved later by the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune, when fatal illness intervened . He died at Konigsberg on the 17th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1846 . Modern astronomy of precision is essentially See also:

• BESSEL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1784-1846)

Bessel's creation . Apart from the large See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of his activity, he introduced such important novelties as the effective use of the See also:

• HELIOMETER (from Gr. iXtos, sun, and p.Erpov, a measure)

heliometer, the correction for See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• EQUATION (from Lat. aequatio, aequare, to equalize)

equation (in 1823), and the systematic investigation of instrumental errors . He issued 21 volumes of Aslronomische Beobachtungen auf der Sternwarte zu Konigsberg (1815-1844), and a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of his writings See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by A .

L . See also:

• BUSCH, JULIUS HERMANN MORITZ (1821-1899)
• BUSCH, WILHELM (1832-1908)

Busch appeared in vol . 24 of the same See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . Especial See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention should be directed to his Astronomische Untersuchungen (2 Vo1S . 1841—1842), Populare Vorlesungen (1848), edited by H . C . See also:

• SCHUMACHER, HEINRICH CHRISTIAN (1780-1850)

Schumacher, and to the important collection entitled Abhandlungen (4 vols . 1875-1882), issued by R . Engelmann at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig . His See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• TREATISES

treatises numbered over 350 . In pure mathematics he enlarged the resources of See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis by the invention of Bessel's Functions . He made some preliminary use of these expressions in 1817, in a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on See also:

• KEPLER, JOHANN (1571-1630)

Kepler's Problem (Transactions See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin .See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, 1816-1817, p .

49), and fully See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed them seven years later, for the purposes of a See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research into planetary perturbations (Ibid . 1824, pp . 1-52) . See also H . Durege, Bessels Leben and Wirken (See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, 1860; J . F . See also:

• ENCKE, JOHANN FRANZ (1791–1865)

Encke, Geddchtnissrede auf Bessel (Berlin, 1846) ; C . T . Anger, Erinnerung an Bessels Leben and Wirken (See also:

• DANZIG, or DANTSIC (Polish Gdansk)

Danzig, 1845) ; Astronomische Nachrichten, See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . 49, 331 (1846); Monthly Notices,See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy . Astr . Society, vii .

199 (1847) ; Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, Ii . 558-567 .