See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

HENRY See also:

• BESSEMER
• SIR HENRY BESSEMER (1813-1898)

BESSEMER (1813-1898)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English engineer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 19th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1813, at Charlton, in See also:

• HERTFORDSHIRE [HERrs]

Hertfordshire . Throughout his See also:

• LIFE

life he was a prolific inventor, but his name is chiefly known in connexion with the See also:

• BESSEMER
• BESSEMER, SIR HENRY (1813-1898)

Bessemer See also:

• PROCESS

process for the manufacture of See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, by which it has been rendered famous throughout the civilized See also:

• WORLD

world . Though this process is now largely supplemented, and even displaced, by various rivals, at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it was brought out it was of enormous See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial importance, since it effected a See also:

• GREAT

great cheapening in the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of steel, and led to that material being widely substituted for others which were inferior in almost every respect but that of cost . Bessemer's See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn to the problem of steel manufacture in the course of an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to improve the construction of guns . Coming to the conclusion that if any advance was to be made in See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery better See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal must be available, he established a small ironworks in St Pancras, and began a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of experiments . These he carried on for two years before he evolved the essential See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of his process, which is the decarbonization of See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron by forcing a blast of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air through the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of metal when in the molten See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . The first public announcement of the process was made at the See also:

• CHELTENHAM

Cheltenham See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Association in 1856, and immediately attracted considerable See also:

• NOTICE

notice . Many metallurgists were sceptical on theoretical grounds about his results, and only became convinced when they saw that his process was really able to convert melted cast iron into malleable iron in a perfectly fluid See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . But though five firms applied without delay for licences to See also:

• WORK

work under his See also:

• PATENTS

patents, success did not at once attend his efforts; indeed, after several ironmasters had put the process to See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical trial and failed to get See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good results, it was in danger of being thrust aside and entirely forgotten . Its author, however, instead of being discouraged by this lack of success, continued his experiments, and in two years was able to turn out a product, the quality of which was not inferior to that yielded by the older methods . But when he now tried to induce makers to take up his improved See also:

• SYSTEM

system, he met with See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general rebuffs, and finally was driven to undertake the exploitation of the process himself . To this end he erected steelworks in See also:

• SHEFFIELD
• SHEFFIELD, JOHN BAKER HOLROYD, 1ST EARL

Sheffield, on ground See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased with the help of See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, and began to manufacture steel .

At first the output was insignificant, but gradually the magnitude of the operations was enlarged until the competition became effective, and steel traders generally became aware that the See also:

• FIRM

firm of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Bessemer & Co. was underselling them to the extent of £20 a ton . This See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument to the See also:

• POCKET

pocket quickly had its effect, and licences were applied for in such See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers that, in royalties for the use of his process, Bessemer received a sum in all considerably exceeding a million See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling . Of course, patents of such obvious value did not See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism, and invalidity was freely urged against them on various grounds . But Bessemer was fortunate enough to maintain them intact without litigation, though he found it advisable to buy up the rights of one patentee, while in another See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case he was freed from anxiety by the patent being allowed to See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse in 1859 through non-See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of fees . At the outset he had found great difficulty in making steel by his process—in his first licences to the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade iron alone was mentioned . Experiments he made with See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales iron were failures because the product was devoid of malleability; Mr Goransson, a See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish ironmaster, using the purer See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig iron of that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, was the first to make good steel by the process, and even he was successful only after many attempts . His results prompted Bessemer to try the purer iron obtained from See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland See also:

• HAEMATITE, or HEMATITE

haematite, but even with this he did not meet with much success, until See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Mushet showed that the addition of a certain quantity of spiegeleisen had the effect of removing the difficulties . Whether or not Mushet's patents could have been sustained, the value of his See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure was shown by its general See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with the Bessemer method of See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion . At the same time it is only See also:

• FAIR

fair to say that whatever may have been the conveniences of Mushet's See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, it was not absolutely essential; this Bessemer proved in 1865, by exhibiting a series of samples of steel made by his own process alone . The pecuniary rewards of Bessemer's great invention came to him with See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative quickness; but it was not till 1879 that the Royal Society admitted him as a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow and the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government honoured him with a See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood . Bessemer died at See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, See also:

• LONDON

London, on the 15th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1898 . Among Bessemer's numerous other inventions, not one of which attained a tithe of the success or importance of the steel process, were movable See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies for embossed stamps, a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold paint, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar machinery, and a See also:

• SHIP

ship which was to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save her passengers from the miseries of mal de mer .

This last had her See also:

• SALOON

saloon mounted in such a way as to be See also:

• FREE

free to See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing relatively to the See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat herself, and the idea was that this saloon should always be maintained steady and level, no See also:

• MATTER

matter how rough the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . For this purpose See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic mechanism of Bessemer's See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design was arranged under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of an attendant, whose See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty it was to keep See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch on a spirit-level, and counteract by proper manipulation of the apparatus any deviation from the See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal that might See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest itself on the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the saloon owing to the See also:

• ROLLING

rolling of the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel . A boat, called the " Bessemer," was built on this plan in 1875 and put on the See also:

• CROSS

cross-Channel service to See also:

• CALAIS

Calais, but the mechanism of the swinging saloon was not found effective in practice and was ultimately removed . An Autobiography was published in 1905 .