BETHLEHEM  , a See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough of See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton and Lehigh counties, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the N. See also:

• BANK

bank of the Lehigh See also:

• RIVER

river, opposite See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Bethlehem and 55 M . N. by W. of See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia . Pop . (1890) 6762; (19oc` 7293 (350 See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born); (1910) 12,837 . It is served by the Central of New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey, the Lehigh & New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, the Lehigh Valley and the Phila.- The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of See also:

• MOAB

Moab is clearly visible from around Bethlehem.delphia & See also:

• READING

Reading See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, and is connected by two See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges with South Bethlehem . The borough lies on a See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of ground commanding delightful landscape scenery extending See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north up the course of the river to the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue Mountains 20 M. away . In See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street and its vicinity still stand several specimens of the 17th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of eastern See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . The same See also:

• SECT

sect that erected these buildings, the Moravians, or See also:

• UNITED

United Brethren, maintain here the Moravian See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College and Theological See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

Seminary, and a well-known school for girls (the Moravian Seminary), founded as a church boarding school in 1949 and reorganized in 1785, for girls of all denominations . During the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, from See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1776 to See also:

• APRIL

April 1777, and from See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1777 to April 1778, the old Colonial See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall in this seminary (built 1748) was used as a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital of the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . From its roof the famous Moravian trombones were long played on festal or funeral occasions, and later summoned the See also:

• PEOPLE

people to musical festivals . The Moravians have given Bethlehem a See also:

• NATIONAL

national reputation as a musical centre . Only a few years after the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was founded, See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin was strongly impressed with the See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• MUSIC

music in its church, and towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 19th century a See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir under the direction of the organist, J .

See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick Wolle, became widely known by rendering for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• AMERICA

America See also:

• BACH, JOHANN SEBASTIAN (1685–1750)
• BACH, KARL PHILIPP EMANUEL (1714-1788)

Bach's St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

Passion (in 1888), followed after See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short intervals by the St See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew Passion, the See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

• ORATORIO

Oratorio, the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass in B See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, and finally by an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual Bach festival continuing for three days, which was discontinued after Wolle's removal to the university of See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California in 1905 . Bethlehem has often been called the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• BAYREUTH, or BAIREUTH

Bayreuth . Among the borough's See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments, the manufactories of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel are the most important, but it also manufactures See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass, See also:

• ZINC

zinc, and See also:

• SILK

silk and knit goods . The See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality owns and operates its See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• WORKS

works . Bethlehem was foundeo by the Moravians, led by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Nikolaus See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig Zinzend&rf, shortly before Christmas in 1741, and the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of the See also:

• YEAR

year suggested its name; for the first century of its existence it was almost exclusively a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of that sect, and it is still their American headquarters . Bethlehem was incorporated as a borough in 1845 . In 1904 the borough of See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Bethlehem (pop. in 1900, 3465) was consolidated with Bethlehem . See J . M . Levering, A See also:

• HISTORY

History of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (Bethle- hem, 1903) .