See also:

• MARIE

MARIE See also:

• HENRI

HENRI See also:

• MARIE HENRI BEYLE (1783-1842)

BEYLE (1783-1842)  , better known by his nom de plume of STENDHAL, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French author, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• GRENOBLE

Grenoble on the 23rd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1783 . With his See also:

• FATHER

father, who was an avocat in the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of Grenoble, he was never on See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good terms, but his intractable disposition sufficiently explains his unhappy childhood and youth . Until he was twelve years old he was educated by a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, who succeeded in inspiring him with a lasting hatred of clericalism . He was then sent to the newly established 1 See also:

• COLE, SIR HENRY (1808–1882)
• COLE, THOMAS (1801–1848)
• COLE, TIMOTHY (1852– )
• COLE, VICAT (1833–1893)

cole Centrale at Grenoble, and in 1799 to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris with a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of introduction to the See also:

• DARU, PIERRE ANTOINE NOEL BRUNO, COUNT (1767-1829)

Daru See also:

• FAMILY

family, with which the Beyles were connected . See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Daru offered him a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry for See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and with the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers Daru he followed See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . Most of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in Italy was spent at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city for which he conceived a lasting See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment . Much of his See also:

• CHARTREUSE
• CHARTREUSE, LA GRANDE

Chartreuse de Parme seems to be autobiographical of this See also:

• PART

part of his See also:

• LIFE

life . He was a spectator of the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• MARENGO

Marengo, and afterwards enlisted in a See also:

• DRAGOON (Fr. dragon, Ger. Dragoner)

dragoon See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment . With rapid promotion he became See also:

• ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant to See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• MICHAUD, JOSEPH FRANCOIS (1767–1839)

Michaud; but after the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• AMIENS

Amiens in 1802 he returned to study in Paris . There he met an actress, Melanie See also:

• GUILBERT, YVETTE (1869— )

Guilbert, whom he followed to See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles . His father cut off his supplies on See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing of this escapade, and See also:

• BEYLE, MARIE HENRI (1783-1842)

Beyle was reduced to serving as clerk to a See also:

• GROCER

grocer . Melanie Guilbert, however, soon abandoned him to marry a See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian, and Beyle returned to Paris .

Through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Daru he obtained a place in the See also:

• COMMISSARIAT

commissariat, which he filled with some distinction from 18o6 to 1814 . Charged with raising a See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy in See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick of five million francs, he extracted seven; and during the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat from See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow he discharged his duties with efficiency . On the fall of Napoleon he refused to accept a place under the new regime, and retired to Milan, where he met Silvio See also:

• PELLICO, SILVIO (1788-1854)

Pellico, See also:

• MANZONI, ALESSANDRO FRANCESCO TOMMASO ANTONIO (1785-1873)

Manzoni, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron and other men of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note . At Milan he contracted a liaison with a certain Angelina P., ,whom he had admired f uitlessly during his earlier See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in that city . In 1814 he published, under the See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym of See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

Alexandre Cesar Bombet, his Lettres ecrites de See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne en Autriche sur le celebre compositeur, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• HAYDN, FRANZ JOSEPH (1732–1809)

Haydn, suivies d'une See also:

• VIE

vie de See also:

• MOZART, WOLFGANG AMADEUS1 (1756–1791)

Mozart, et de considerations sur Metastase et l'etat See also:

• PRESENT

present de la musique en See also:

• ITALIC

Italic . His letters on Haydn were borrowed from the Haydini (1812) of Joseph Carpani, and the See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section on Mozart had no greater claim to originality . The See also:

• BOOK

book was reprinted (1817) as Vies de Haydn, Mozart et Metastase . His Histoire de la peinture en Italic (2 vols., 1817) was originally dedicated to Napoleon . His friendship with some See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian patriots brought him in 1821 under the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian authorities, and he was exiled from Milan . In Paris he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt himself a stranger, as he had never recognized French contemporary See also:

• ART

art in literature, See also:

• MUSIC

music or See also:

• PAINTING

painting . He frequented, however, many See also:

• LITERARY

literary salons In Paris, and found some See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends in the " ideologues " who gathered See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Destutt de See also:

• TRACY, ANTOINE LOUIS CLAUDE DESTUTT, COMTE
• TRACY, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1830– )

Tracy . He was the most closely allied with Prosper See also:

• MERIMEE, PROSPER (1803-1870)

Merimee, a See also:

• DILETTANTE

dilettante and an ironist like himself .

He published at this time his Essai sur l'amour (1822), of which only seventeen copies were sold in eleven years, though it afterwards became famous, See also:

• RACINE
• RACINE, JEAN (1639-1699)
• RACINE, LOUIS (1692-1763)

Racine et See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare (1823-1825), Vie de See also:

• ROSSINI, GIOACHINO ANTONIO (1792-1868)

Rossini (1824), D'un nouveau complot contre See also:

• LES

les industriels (1825), Promenades dans See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (1829), and his first novel, Armance, ou quelques scenes de Paris en 1827 (1827) . After the Revolution of 1830 he was appointed See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul at See also:

• TRIESTE (Ger. Triest; Slay. Trst; the Roman Tergeste, q.v.)

Trieste, but the Austrian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government refused to accept him, and he was sent to Civita Vecchia instead . Le See also:

• ROUGE (" red," from Lat. rubeus)

Rouge et le noir, chronique du XIXe siecle (2 vols., 1830) appeared in Paris after his departure, but attracted small notice . He had published in 1838 Memoires d'un touriste, and in 1839 La Chartreuse de Parme (2 vols.), which was the last of his publications, and the first to secure any popular success, though his earlier writings had been regarded as significant by a limited public . It was enthusiastically reviewed by See also:

• BALZAC, HONORS DE (1790-1850)
• BALZAC, JEAN LOUIS GUEZ DE (1594-1654)

Balzac in his Revue Parisienne (184o) . Beyle remained at Civita Vecchia, discharging his duties as consul perfunctorily and with frequent intervals of See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence until his See also:

• DEATH

death, which took place in Paris on the 23rd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1842 . He wrote his own See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph,' describing himself as a Milanese . His See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous See also:

• WORKS

works include a fragmentary Vie de Napoleon (1895); Melanges d'art et de litterature (1867); Chroniques ita'iennes (1885), including " L'Abbesse de See also:

• CASTRO, INEZ DE (d. 1355)
• CASTRO, JOAO DE (1500-1548)

Castro," " Les See also:

• CENCI, BEATRICE (1577-1599)

Cenci," " See also:

• VITTORIA

Vittoria See also:

• ACCORAMBONI, VITTORIA (1557-1585)

Accoramboni," " Vanina See also:

• VANINI, LUCILIO

Vanini," "La Duchesse de Palliano," some of which has appeared separately; See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans et nouvelles and Nouvelles inedites (1855); Correspondance (2 vols., 1855); Lamiel (ed . C . Stryienski, 1889); his See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal 1801—1814 (ed . Stryienski and F. de Nion, 1888), of which the section dealing with the Russian and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns is unfortunately lost; Vie de See also:

• HENRI

Henri Brulard (189o), a disguised autobiography, chiefly the See also:

• HISTORY

history of his numerous love affairs; Lettres intimes (1892); Lucien Leuwen (ed . J. de Mitty, 1894); Souvenirs d'egotisme (ed .

C . Stryienski, 1892), autobiography and unpublished letters . Stendhal's reputation practically rests on the two novels Le Rouge et le noir and La Chartreuse de Parme . In the former of these he borrowed his See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot from events which had actually happened some years previously . See also:

• JULIEN, STANISLAS (1797?-1873)

Julien See also:

• SOREL
• SOREL, AGNES (c. 1422-1450)
• SOREL, ALBERT (1842-1906)
• SOREL, CHARLES, SIEUR DE SOUVIGNY (1597-1674)

Sorel in the novel is See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble family and seduces his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil's See also:

• MOTHER

mother . He eventually kills her to avenge a letter accusing him to the family of his betrothed, Mlle de la See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

Mole . Julien is a picture of Beyle as he imagined himself to be . The Chartreuse de Parme has less unity of purpose than Le Rouge et le noir . For its setting the author See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew largely on his own experiences . Fabrice's experiences at See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo are his own in the Italian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, and the countess Pietranera is his Milanese Angelina . But of the two novels it is more picturesque and has been more popular . Stendhal's real See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue See also:

• DATES

dates from the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early sixties, but his importance is essentially literary .

In spite of his egotism and the limitations of his ideas, his acute See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of the motives of his personages has appealed to successive generations of writers, and a See also:

• GREAT

great part of the development of the French novel must be traced to him . Brunetiere has pointed out (See also:

• MANUAL

Manual of French Lit., Eng. trans., 1898) that Stendhal supplied the Romanticists with the notion of the interchange of the methods and effects of See also:

• POETRY

poetry, painting and music, and that in his See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Napoleon he agreed with their glorification of individual See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy . Stendhal, however, thoroughly disliked the Romanticists, though Sainte-Beuve acknowledged (Causeries du lundi, vol. ix.) that his books gave ideas . See also:

• TAINE, HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE (1828-1893)

Taine (Essais de critique et d'histoire, 1857) found in him a great psychologist; See also:

• ZOLA, EMILE EDOUARD CHARLES ANTOINE (1840-1902)

Zola (Romanciers naturalistes, ,881) actually claimed him as the father of the naturalist school; and See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• BOURGET, PAUL CHARLES JOSEPH (1852– )

Bourget (Essais de psychologie contemporaine, 1883) cited Le Rouge et le noir as one of the classic novels of analysis . The 1846 edition of La Chartreuse de Parme contains a prefatory notice by R . See also:

• COLOMB, PHILIP HOWARD (1831-1899)

Colomb, and a reprint of Balzac's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article . In addition to the authorities alreadymentioned see the See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on Beyle (185o) by Prosper Merimee; A . A . See also:

• PATON, JOHN BROWN (1830- )
• PATON, SIR JOSEPH NOEL (1821-1901)

Paton, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Beyle, a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

Critical and See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

Biographical Study (1874) ; Adolphe Paupe, Histoire See also:

• DES

des ceuvres de Stendhal (19o3); A . Chuquet, Stendhal-Beyle (1902); a See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review by R . See also:

• DOUMIC, RENE (186o– )

Doumic (Revue des deux mondes, See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1902), deprecating the excessive See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention paid to Beyle's writings; and gdouard See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

Rod, Stendhal (1892) in the " Grands ecrivains fran9ais " See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . See also Correspondance de Stendhal, 1800-1842, with See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface by M .

Barres (Paris, 1908) .