BIBLX0GRAPHY  —Among the older writers may be mentioned Strahlenberg (

Des nord- and ostliche Theil von Europa and Asia, 173o), Johann Gottlieb Georgi (Description de toutes les nations de rem/sire de la Russie, French tr., St Petersburg, 1977), but especially the various works of Matthias A . Castren (1852—1853) and W . Schott (1858) . Modern scientific knowledge of the Finno-Ugrians and their languages was founded by these two authors . Among newer works some of the most important separate publications are: J . R . Aspelin, Antiquitis du nord finno-ougrien (1877-1884); J . Abercromby; Pre- and Proto-historic Finns (1898); and A . Hackmann, Die altere Eisenzeit in Finnland (1905) . The recent literature on the origin, customs, antiquities and languages of these races is voluminous, but is contained chiefly not in separate books but in special learned periodicals . Of these there are several: Journal de la Societe Finno-ougrienne (Helsingfors) (Suomalais- U rilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirje); Finnisch- Ugrische Forschungen (Helsingfors and Leipzig) ; Mitteilungen der archaologischen, historischen and ethnographisch.en Gesellschaft der Kais . Universitat zu Kasan; Keleti Szemle or Revue orientate pour les etudes ouralo-altaiques (Budapest) .

In all of these will be found numerous valuable articles by such authors as Ahlqvist,

Halevy, Heikel, Krohn, Muncacsi, Paasonen, Setala, Smurnow, Thomsen and Vambery . The titles of grammars and dictionaries will be found under the headings of the different languages . For general linguistic questions may be consulted the works of Castren, Schott and Otto Donner, also such parts of the following as treat of Finno-Ugric languages: Byrne, Principles of the Structure of Languagge,`vol, i . (1892) ; Friedrich Muller, Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft II.; Band ii., Abth . I882; Steinthal and Misleli, Abriss der Sprachwissenschaft (1893) . (C .