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JOHN BIDDLE (1615-1662)

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Originally appearing in Volume V03, Page 919 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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JOHN See also:BIDDLE (1615-1662)  , frequently called the See also:father of See also:English See also:Unitarianism, was See also:born on the 14th of See also:January 1615, at See also:Wotton-under-Edge, in See also:Gloucestershire . He was educated at the See also:grammar school of his native See also:town and at Magdalen See also:Hall, See also:Oxford . He graduated B.A. in 1638 and proceeded M.A. in 1641, and was then appointed to the mastership of the See also:free school in the See also:city of See also:Gloucester, where " he was much esteemed for his See also:diligence in his profession, serenity of See also:manners and sanctity of See also:life." He also diligently prosecuted theological studies, and the results he arrived at were of such a nature as to draw down upon him the reprobation of the civic authorities . A treacherous friend obtained the See also:manuscript of his Twelve Arguments See also:drawn out of Scripture, wherein the commonly received See also:opinion touching the deity of the See also:Holy Spirit is clearly and fully refuted; and in See also:December 1645 he was summoned before the See also:parliamentary See also:committee then sitting at Gloucester . By them he was committed to See also:prison, though he was at the See also:time labouring under a dangerous See also:fever . He was released on See also:bail after a See also:short imprisonment, but was in See also:July 1647 called before See also:parliament, which desired to inquire into his views . After tedious proceedings, during which See also:Sir See also:Henry See also:Vane befriended him, See also:Biddle was committed to custody and his Twelve Arguments, which he had now published, was ordered by parliament to be seized and burned by the hangman . Notwithstanding this and the See also:ordinance of the 2nd of May 1648, visiting denial of the See also:doctrine of the Trinity with See also:death, Biddle issued two tracts, one a See also:Confession of Faith touching the Holy Trinity, and the other The Testimonies of See also:Irenaeus, concerning the one See also:God and the Persons of the Trinity (1648) . These were suppressed by See also:government, and the See also:Westminster See also:assembly of divines eagerly pressed for the passing of an See also:act by which heretics like Biddle could be put to death . This, however, was resisted by the See also:army, and by many of the See also:Independent parliamentarians; and after the death of the See also:king, Biddle was allowed to reside in See also:Staffordshire under surveillance . He engaged in See also:preaching and in See also:literary See also:work, particularly an edition of the See also:Septuagint, published by See also:Roger See also:Daniel . In See also:February 1652 the See also:general act of oblivion gave him See also:complete freedom, and his adherents soon began to meet regularly for See also:worship on Sundays .

They were called Biddellians, or Socinians, or Unitarians, the name which has now become associated with their opinions . Biddle was not See also:

left See also:long in See also:peace . He translated some Socinian books, among others the Life of See also:Socinus, and published two catechisms which excited a fury of indignation . He was summoned before the parliament in December 16 J4 and imprisoned . The See also:dissolution of that See also:body again set him at See also:liberty for a short time, but he was presently brought up for some expressions used by him in a discussion with See also:John See also:Griffin, an illiterate Baptist pastor, who invoked the See also:law against his See also:superior opponent . He was put upon trial, and was only rescued by See also:Cromwell, who sent him (See also:October 1655) out of the way to one of the Scilly Islands, allowed him See also:loo crowns a See also:year, and in 1658, on the solicitation of many See also:friends, released him . For a few years he lived and taught quietly in the See also:country, but returning to See also:London he was in See also:June 1662 again arrested, and fined £loo . As he was unable to pay this sum, he was at once committed to prison, where fever, caused by the pestilential See also:atmosphere, carried him off on the 22nd of See also:September 1662 .

End of Article: JOHN BIDDLE (1615-1662)
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