See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

LOUIS See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE EDOUARD See also:

• BIGNON, JEROME (1589–1656)
• BARON LOUIS PIERRE EDOUARD BIGNON (1771–1841)

BIGNON (1771–1841)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French diplomatist and historian, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 3rd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1771, was the son of a See also:

• DYER, JOHN (c. 1700-1758)
• DYER, SIR EDWARD (d. 1607)
• DYER, THOMAS HENRY (1804-1888)

dyer at See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen . Though he had received a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• EDUCATION

education, he served throughout the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of the revolutionary See also:

• WARS

wars without rising above the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of private . In 1797, however, the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of Talleyrand, then See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs, was called to his exceptional abilities by See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• HUET, PIERRE DANIEL (1630-1721)

Huet, and he was attached to the See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic service . After serving in the legations in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland and the Cisalpine re-public, he was appointed in 1799 attache to the French See also:

• LEGATION (Lat. legalio, a sending or mission)

legation at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, of which three years later he became See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge d'affaires . As minister-plenipotentiary at See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel, between the years 1804 and 18o6, he took a prominent See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the formation of the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine; and after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• JENA

Jena he returned to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia as See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator of the public domains and finances . He filled a similar See also:

• FUNCTION

function in See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria after the battle of See also:

• WAGRAM (DEUTSCH-WAGRAM)

Wagram . At the end of 1810 he became French See also:

• RESIDENT

resident at See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw and was for a couple of years supreme in the affairs of the See also:

• GRAND

grand duchy . The preparation of a constitution for See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, on which he was engaged, was, however, interrupted by the events of 1812 . See also:

• BIGNON, JEROME (1589–1656)
• BIGNON, LOUIS PIERRE EDOUARD, BARON (1771–1841)

Bignon, after a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short imprisonment at the hands of the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, returned to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness the downfall of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . During the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days he once more entered Napoleon's service, and, after See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo, as minister of foreign affairs under the executive See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, it was he who signed the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention of the 3rd of See also:

• JULY

July 1815, by which See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris was handed over to the allies . Bignon did not re-enter public See also:

• LIFE

life until 1817, when he was elected to the chamber of deputies, in which he sat until 183o, consistent in his opposition to the reactionary policy of successive governments . His See also:

• GREAT

great reputation and his diplomatic experience gave a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• WEIGHT

weight to the attacks which he published on the policy of the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental allies, two of his See also:

• WORKS

works attracting special attention, Du Congres de See also:

• TROPPAU (Polish, Oppava; Czech, Opava)
• TROPPAU, CONGRESS OF

Troppau ou Examen See also:

• DES

des pretentions des monarchies absolues a regard de la monarchic constitutionelle de See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples (Paris, 1821), and See also:

• LES

Les Cabinets et les peuples depuis 1815 jusqu'd la fin de 1822 (Paris, 1822) .

The revolution of 183o, which brought his party into See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, only led to a very temporary resumption of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office by Bignon . He was for a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks minister of foreign affairs in the first See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Philippe, and again for a few weeks minister of public instruction . But the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of making him responsible for the foreign policy of France could not be realized owing to the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity under which Louis Philippe See also:

• LAY

lay of courting the good-will of the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, whom Bignon had offended by his outspoken writings . Elected See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy in 1831 and member of the chamber of peers in 1839, he withdrew for the most part from politics, to, devote himself to his great See also:

• WORK

work, the Histoire de France sous Napoleon (lo vols . 1829–1838, then 4 See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous vols., 1847–185o) . This See also:

• HISTORY

history, while suffering from the limitations of all contemporaneous narratives, contains much that does not exist elsewhere, and is one of the best-known See also:

• SOURCES

sources for the later histories of Napoleon's reign . See See also:

• MIGNET, FRANCOIS AUGUSTE ALEXIS (1796–1884)

Mignet, See also:

• NOTICE

Notice historique sur la See also:

• VIE

vie et les ouvrages de M . Bignon (1848) .