BILBAO  , formerly sometimes written BILBOA, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• BISCAY (Vizcaya)
• BISCAY, BAY OF (Fr. Golfe de Gascogne; Sp. Golfo de Vizcaya)

Biscay, in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; in 43° 15' N. and 20 45' W.; on the See also:

• RIVER

river Nervion on See also:

• ANSA (from Lat. ansa, a handle)

Ansa (in Basque Ibaizabal), and about 8 m. inland from the See also:

• BAY

Bay of Biscay . Pop . (1900) 83,306 . Bilbao is one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal seaports of Spain, and the greatest of Basque towns . It occupies a small but fertile and beautiful valley, shut in by mountains on every See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side except towards the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and containing the fortified haven of Portugalete, the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• BARACALDO

Baracaldo (q.v.), and the villages of Santurce and See also:

• LAS

Las Arenas, where the Nervion broadens to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the Bay of Bilbao at its mouth . Bilbao comprises two distinct parts, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• MODERN

modern . The new town lies on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank, while the old town rises on the right in terraces . Communication across the river is afforded by five See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, of which the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest, See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio, is of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, and See also:

• DATES

dates from the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The houses in the principal streets are built of hewn stone, and are several storeys high, with projecting See also:

• EAVES (not a plural form as is sometimes supposed, but singular; O. Eng. efes, in Mid. High Ger. obse, Gothic ubizwa, a porch; connected with " over ")

eaves that give shelter from both See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun and See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain . Many of the streets in the old town are very narrow, and have an See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of cleanliness and quiet . For a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time no carts or carriages were permitted to enter the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city for fear of polluting and injuring the See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement, and the transport of goods was carried on in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-carts . But after 1876 entirely new districts were mapped out on the left bank of the Nervion .

See also:

• FINE

Fine broad streets, splendid squares and public gardens, hotels, villas, palatial new public buildings and numerous See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools came into existence . The See also:

• PART

part of the town on the right bank is, however, still the See also:

• GREAT

great centre of business, the narrow streets containing the best shops . There, too, are the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, the town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, the principal clubs, and the principal churches, including that of See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, which dates from the 14th century . In and around Bilbao there are more than See also:

• THIRTY

thirty convents and monasteries, and at Olaveaga, about a mile off, is the Jesuit university, attended by 85o students . Public See also:

• EDUCATION

education is not, however, entirely in the hands of the priesthood and nuns; there are an See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute, a normal school to See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train teachers, a school of arts and handicrafts, a nautical school and numerous public See also:

• PRIMARY

primary schools for both sexes . Few See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish cities See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew so rapidly in See also:

• SIZE

size, importance and See also:

• WEALTH

wealth as Bilbao in the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th century . Its first bank was founded in 1857; its first railway (Bilbao-See also:

• TUDELA

Tudela) opened in 1863 . Thenceforward, despite the check it received from the Carlist See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion of 1870-1876, and the contemporaneous decline of its See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, its prosperity increased steadily . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, 17,649 in 1870, See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to 50,734 in 1887, 74,076 in 1897, and 83,306 in 1900 . This development was due principally to the growth of the See also:

• MINING

mining and metallurgical industries . From a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, as the Old See also:

• ENGLISH

English word See also:

• BILBO (from the Spanish town Bilbao, formerly called in England " Bilboa," and famous, like Toledo, for its sword-blades)

bilbo, " a See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword," attests, Bilbao was celebrated for the excellent quality of its See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades; in modern times it was the natural headtluarters of the important steel and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron trades of the Basque Provinces . Hence it became the centre of a network of railway lines unsurpassed in Spain .

The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour See also:

• WORKS

works See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, constituted in 1877, improved the river channel and the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar; made wharves and embankments; lighted the See also:

• LOWER

lower reaches of the river by See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity, so as to allow vessels to enter by See also:

• NIGHT

night; and constructed a See also:

• BREAKWATER

breakwater and See also:

• COUNTER

counter-See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole outside the bar of the river Nervion, between Santurce, Portugalete and the opposite headland at the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Algorta, so as to secure deep anchorage and easy See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the river . The first dry See also:

• DOCK

dock was constructed in 1896; in 1905 it was supplemented by another, the largest in Spain . The exports are chiefly iron; the imports See also:

• COAL

coal; large quantities of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine from See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre and the See also:

• EBRO (anc. Iberus or Hiberus)

Ebro valley are also sent abroad, and the importation of See also:

• TIMBER

timber of all kinds from Scandinavia and See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland, and coastwise from See also:

• ASTURIAS

Asturias, is of great importance . In the See also:

• COASTING

coasting See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade the exports are mostly See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig-iron, codfish and some products of See also:

• LOCAL

local industries and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture . The See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping at Bilbao is mainly Spanish, owing to the multitude of small vessels employed in the coasting trade; but from 188o onwards the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• SHIPS

ships were See also:

• BRITISH

British . In 1904, 3319 vessels of 2,267,957 tons were accommodated at Bilbao; more than 2000 were Spanish and nearly 700 British . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year new harbour works and See also:

• LIGHTING

lighting arrangements were under-taken on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, and a See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement was initiated for the revival of shipbuilding . Besides the mining and metallurgic industries, Bilbao has breweries, tanneries, See also:

• FLOUR

flour See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass works, See also:

• BRANDY

brandy distilleries, and See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, See also:

• SOAP

soap, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic factories . Bilbao, or Belvao, as it was often called, was founded by See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Pedro See also:

• LOPEZ, CARLOS ANTONIO (1790-1862)

Lopez de See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

Hare about 1300, and soon rose into importance . It was occupied by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in 1995, and from 18o8 to 1813; and in 1835 and 1874 it was unavailingly besieged by the Carlists .