BILFINGER (BtLFFINGER), GEORG BERNHARD (1693–175o)  , German philosopher, mathematician and statesman, son of a Lutheran minister, was born on the 23rd of January 1693, at Kanstatt in Wurttemberg . As a boy he showed great aptitude for study, and at first devoted himself to theology, but under the influence of Wolff's writings he took up mathematics and philosophy on the lines of Wolff and Leibnitz . Returning to theology, he attempted to connect it with philosophy in a treatise, Dilucidationes philosophicae, de deo, anima humana, mundo (Tubingen, 1725, 1746, 1768) . This work, containing nothing original, but giving a clear representation of Wolff's philosophy, met with great success, and the author was appointed to the office of preacher at the castle of Tubingen and of reader in the school of theology . In 1721, after two years' study under Wolff, he became professor of philosophy at Halle, and in 1724 professor of mathematics . His friends at Tubingen disapproved his new views, and in 1725, on Wolff's recommendation, he was invited by Peter the Great to lecture in St Petersburg, where he was well received . His success in winning the prize of a thousand crowns offered for a dissertation on the cause of gravity by the Academy of Sciences of Paris secured his return to his native land in 1731 . In 1735, largely on account of his knowledge of military engineering, Duke Charles Alexander (1733–1737) made him a privy councillor, but his hands were tied owing to the frivolous atmosphere of the court . On the death of the duke, however, he became a member of the Regency Council, and devoted himself with energy and success to the reorganization of the state . In the departments of education, state-religion, agriculture and commerce, his administration was uniformly successful, and he became in a real sense the head of the state . He died at Stuttgart on the 18th of February 1750 . After his return from Russia, he won the highest respect at home and abroad, and Frederick the Great is recorded to have said of him, " He was a great man whom I shall ever remember with admiration." Beside the Dilucidationes, he wrote:—De harmonia animi et corporis humani commentatio (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1735; Tubingen, 1741); De origine et permission mali (1724), an account of the Leibnitzian theodicy .

For his

life and times see Tafinger, Leichenrede (Stuttgart, 175o) ; Prof . Abel in Moser's Patriot . Archiv., 1788, 9, p . 369; Spittler, Verm . Schriften, 13, p . 421; G . Schwab in Morgenblatt (1830) . For his philosophy, see R . Wahl, " Bilfinger's Monadologie" (Zeal- schrift fiir Philos. vol . 85, pp . 66-92, 202-231 (Leipzig, 1884) ; E . Zeller, Geschichte d. deutsch .

Philos. sett Leibnitz, pp .