BILLIARDS  , an indoor See also:

• GAME

game of skill, played on a rectangular table,' and consisting in the See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving of small balls with a stick called a cue either against one another or into pockets according to the methods and rules described below . The name probably originated in the Fr. bille (connected with Eng . " See also:

• BILLET

billet ") signifying a stick . Of the origin of the game comparatively little is known—See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany all being regarded as its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home by various authorities . In an See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-See also:

• BOOK

book, See also:

• MODERN

Modern Billiards, it is stated that Catkire More (See also:

• CONN
• CONN, LOUGH

Conn Cetchathach), See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland in the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, See also:

• LEFT

left behind him " fifty-five billiard balls, of See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass, with the pools and cues of the same materials." The same writer refers to the travels of See also:

• ANACHARSIS

Anacharsis through See also:

• GREECE

Greece, 400 B.C., during which he saw a game analogous to billiards . See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French writers differ as to whether their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country can claim its origin, though the name suggests this . While it is generally asserted that Henrique Devigne, an artist, who lived in the reign of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IX., gave See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and See also:

• RULE

rule to the pastime, the Dictionnaire universel and the See also:

• ACADEMIC

Academic See also:

• DES

des jeux ascribe its invention to the See also:

• ENGLISH

English . Bouillet in the first See also:

• WORK

work says: " Billiards appear to be derived from the game of See also:

• BOWLS

bowls . It was anciently known in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where, perhaps, it was invented . It was brought into France by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., whose physician recommended this exercise." In the other work mentioned we read: " It would seem that the game was invented in England." It was certainly known and played in France in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Louis XI . (1423-1483) . See also:

• STRUTT, JEDEDIAH (1726-1797)

Strutt, a rather doubtful authority, notwithstanding the reputation attained by his See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

Sports and Pastimes of the See also:

• PEOPLE

People of England, considers it probable that it was the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient game of Paille-maille (See also:

• PALL

Pall Mall) on a table instead of on the ground or See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor—an improvement, he says, " which answered two See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good purposes: it precluded the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of the player to kneel or stoop exceedingly when he struck the bowl, and accommodated the game to the limits of a chamber." Whatever its origin, and whatever the manner in which it was originally played, it is certain that it was known in the time of See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare, who makes See also:

• CLEOPATRA

Cleopatra, in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony, invite her attendant to join in the pastime " Let us to billiards: come, Charmian." See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant. and Cleo .

See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act ii. sc . 5 . In See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton's Compleat Gamester, published in 1674, we are told that this " most See also:

• GENTILE
• GENTILE, C

gentile, cleanly and ingenious game " was first played in Italy, though in another See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page he mentions Spain as its birthplace . At that date billiards must have been well enough known, for we are told that " for the See also:

• EXCELLENCY (Lat. excellentia, excellence)

excellency of the recreation, it is much approved of and played by most nations of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, especially in England, there being few towns of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note therein which hath not a public billiard table, neither are they wanting in many See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble and private families in the country." The game was at one time played on a See also:

• LAWN

lawn, like modern See also:

• CROQUET (from Fr. trot, a crook, or crooked stick)

croquet.2 Some authorities consider that in this form it was ' In 1907 an See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval table was introduced in England by way of a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, but this variety is not here considered . 2 A later form of " lawn-billiards " again enjoyed a brief popularity during the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th century . It was played on a lawn, in the centre of which was a See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring about 52 in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, planted upright in such a manner as to turn freely on its See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis on a level with the ground . The players, two or more, were provided with implements resembling cues about 4 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and ending in See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire loops somewhat smaller in diameter than the wooden balls (one for each player), which were of such a See also:

• SIZE

size as barely to pass through the ring . In modern times such See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games as billiards have afforded See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for various imitations and modifications of this sort . introduced into Europe from the Orient by the Crusaders . The See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball was rolled or struck with a See also:

• MALLET (or MALLOCH), DAVID (?17o5–1765)
• MALLET, PAUL HENRI (173o–18o7)

mallet or cue (with the latter, if Strutt's allusion to " inconveniences " is correct) through hoops or rings, and these were reproduced for indoor purposes on a billiard-table, as well as a " king " or See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin which had to be struck . In the original tables, which were square, there was one See also:

• POCKET

pocket, a hole in the centre of the table, as on a See also:

• BAGATELLE (French, from Ital. bagatella,.bagata, a trifle)

bagatelle See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, the hoop or ring being retained . Then came similar pockets along one of the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side cushions sunk in the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the table; and eventually the modern table was evolved, a true oblong or See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double-square, with pockets opening in the cushions at each corner and in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of each long side .

The English tables are of this type, small bags of netting being attached to the pockets . The French and American game of billiards is played on a pocketless table . We shall See also:

• DEAL

deal first with the English game .