See also:

• BILMA, or KAWAR

BILMA, or KAWAR  , an See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara See also:

• DESERT

desert, some 6o m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by 10 broad . The inhabitants are See also:

• TIBBU, or TEBU (" Men of Tu," i.e. " of the rocks ")

Tibbu and See also:

• KANURI, or BERIBERI

Kanuri . The name See also:

• BILMA, or KAWAR

Bilma is properly confined to the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• PART

part of this region, where is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, called Bilma or Garu . This See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is Soo m. due S. of the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli and about 350 N. of the N.W. corner of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• CHAD
• CHAD [CEADDA], SAINT (d. 672)

Chad . In the vicinity are a number of lakes, the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of which on evaporation yield large quantities of very pure and See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, which is the See also:

• OBJECT

object of an extensive See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade with the countries of Central See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North of Bilma is the town of Dirki, said to date from the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Near Bilma is a small circular oasis, kept See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green by a fine See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, but immediately to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south begins the most dreary part of the Saharan desert, over which the caravans travel for fifteen days without discovering the slightest trace of See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• LIFE

life . Gustav See also:

• NACHTIGAL, GUSTAV (1834-1885)

Nachtigal, who visited Bilma in 187o, records that the temperature during the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day rarely sank below 113° Fahr . By the Anglo-See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

Declaration of the 21st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1899 Bilma was included in the French See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Africa . See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey claimed the oasis as part of the hinter-See also:

• LAND

land of Tripoli and garrisoned Bilma in 1902 . In 1906, however, a French force from See also:

• ZINDER

Zinder occupied the town, no opposition being offered by the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman authorities . In 1907 the oasis and surrounding See also:

• DISTRICT

district was created a circle of the Military Territory of the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger (see SAHARA) .