See also:

• BIREN (or BUHREN), ERNST JOHANN (16go-1772)

BIREN (or BUHREN), See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

ERNST JOHANN (16go-1772)  , See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• COURLAND, or KURLAND

Courland, was the See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of a See also:

• GROOM

groom in the service of Duke See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

Standard Wing See also:

• BIRD

Bird of See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise (Semioptera wallacei) . 980 See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob III. of Courland, who bestowed upon him a small See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, which See also:

• BIREN (or BUHREN), ERNST JOHANN (16go-1772)

Biren's See also:

• FATHER

father inherited and where Biren himself was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born . He received what little See also:

• EDUCATION

education he had at the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg, from which he was expelled for riotous conduct . In 1714 he set out to seek his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, and unsuccessfully solicited a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at the shabby See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the princess See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte, the See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort of the tsarevich Alexius . Returning to Mittau, he succeeded in gaining a footing at court there through one of his sisters, who was the See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy of the ruling See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Bestuzhev, whose established See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress was no less a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person than the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young duchess See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne Ivanovna . During his See also:

• PATRON

patron's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, Biren, a handsome, insinuating See also:

• FELLOW

fellow, succeeded in supplanting him in the favour of Anne, and procuring the disgrace and banishment of Bestuzhev and his See also:

• FAMILY

family . From henceforth to the end of her See also:

• LIFE

life Biren's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over the duchess was See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount . On the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of Anne to the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• THRONE

throne in 1740, Biren, who had in the meantime married a Fraulein von Treiden, came to See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, and honours and riches were heaped upon him . At the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation (19th May) he was made See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain, a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, on which occasion he is said to have adopted the arms of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French ducal See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• BIRON, ARMAND DE GONTAUT, BARON DE (1524-1592)

Biron, and was presented with an estate at See also:

• WENDEN (Lettish Tseziz)

Wenden with 50,000 crowns a See also:

• YEAR

year . He soon made himself cordially detested by Russians of every class . He was not indeed the See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster of iniquity he is popularly supposed to have been . His vices were rather of the sordid than of the satanic See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order .

He had insinuating See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and could make himself very agreeable if he See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose; but he was mean, treacherous, rapacious, suspicious and horribly vindictive . During the latter years of Anne's reign, Biren increased enormously in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and riches . His apartments in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace adjoined those of the empress, and his liveries, furnitures and equipages were scarcely less costly than hers . See also:

• HALF

Half the bribes intended for the Russian court passed through his coffers . He had landed estates everywhere . A See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state looked after his brood mares and stallions . The magnificence of his See also:

• PLATE

plate astonished the French See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, and the diamonds of his duchess were the envy of princes . The See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax of this wondrous elevation was reached when, on the extinction of the See also:

• LINE

line of Kettler, the estates of Courland, in See also:

• JUNE

June 1737, elected him their reigning duke . He was almost as much loathed in Courland as in Russia; but the will of the empress was the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the See also:

• LAND

land, and large sums of See also:

• MONEY

money, smuggled into Courland in the shape of bills payable in See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam to See also:

• BEARER

bearer, speedily convinced the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors . On her See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed Anne, very unwillingly and only at his urgent entreaty, appointed him See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent during the minority of the baby See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan VI . Her See also:

• COMMON

common-sense told her that the only way she could See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man she loved from the vengeance of his enemies after her death was to facilitate in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time his descent from his untenable position . Finally, on the 26th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1740, a so-called " See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration " signed by 194 dignitaries, in the name of the Russian nation, conferred the regency on Biren .

Biren's regency lasted exactly three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks . At midnight of the 19th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1740 he was seized in his bedroom by his See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• RIVAL

rival, See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field MarshalMunnich . The See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission appointed to try his See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case condemned him (rrth of See also:

• APRIL

April 1741) to death by quartering, but this See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence was commuted by the clemency of the new regent, See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna Leopoldovna, the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of Ivan VI., to banishment for life at Pelin in See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia . All Biren's vast See also:

• PROPERTY

property was confiscated, including his diamonds, See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth £600,000 . For twenty-two years the ex-regent disappeared from the high places of See also:

• HISTORY

history . He re-emerges for a brief moment in 1762, when the See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

philo-See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Peter III. summoned him to court . He was now too old to be in any one's way, and that, no doubt, was the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason why See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine II. re-established him (1763) in his duchy, which he bequeathed to his son Peter . Misfortune. had chastened him, and the last years of his See also:

• RULE

rule were just and even benevolent, if somewhat autocratic . He died at Mittau, his See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, on the 28th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1772 . See See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Nisbet See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain, The Pupils of Peter the See also:

• GREAT

Great (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1897) ; Christoph See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann von Manstein, See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs (Eng. ed., London, 1856) ; See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius See also:

• RONDEAU (Ital. Rondo)

Rondeau, See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

Diplomatic Dispatches from Russia (St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1889-1892) . (R . N .