See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON DE ARMAND DE See also:

• GONTAUT, MARIE JOSEPHINE LOUISE

GONTAUT See also:

• BARON DE ARMAND DE GONTAUT BIRON (1524-1592)

BIRON (1524-1592)  , a celebrated See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French soldier of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . His See also:

• FAMILY

family, one of the numerous branches of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• GONTAUT, MARIE JOSEPHINE LOUISE

Gontaut, took its See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title from the territory of See also:

• BIRON, ARMAND DE GONTAUT, BARON DE (1524-1592)

Biron in See also:

• PERIGORD

Perigord, where on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill between the Dropt and the Lide still stands the magnificent See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle begun by the lords of Biron in the 11th century . As a See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page of the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre Biron attracted the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal de See also:

• BRISSAC, DUKES OF

Brissac, with whom he saw active service in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . A See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound received by him in his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years made him lame for See also:

• LIFE

life, but he did not withdraw from the military career, and he held a command in See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

Guise's See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse in r557• A little later he became See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of a See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry regiment, and in the See also:

• WARS

wars of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion he repeatedly distinguished himself . His See also:

• GREAT

great services to the royal cause at See also:

• DREUX

Dreux, St See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis, See also:

• JARNAC

Jarnac and Moncontour were rewarded in 1569 by his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as a privy councillor of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery . He commanded the royal forces at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of La Rochelle in 1572, and four years later was made a marshal of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . From 1576 to 1588 he was almost continuously employed in high command . From 1589 he supported the cause of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of Navarre, but was suspected of prolonging the See also:

• CIVIL

civil wars in his own See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Biron was killed by a See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon-See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball at the siege of See also:

• EPERNAY

Epernay on the 26th of See also:

• JULY

July 1592 . He was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of considerable See also:

• LITERARY

literary attainments, and used to carry a See also:

• POCKET

pocket-See also:

• BOOK

book, in which he noted everything that appeared remarkable . Some of his letters are preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale and in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum; these include a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . His son, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES DE GONTAUT, duc de Biron (1562-1602), fought brilliantly for the royal party against the See also:

• LEAGUE

League .

He was made See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral of France in 1592, and marshal in 1594; See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy in 1595, he took the towns of See also:

• BEAUNE

Beaune, See also:

• AUTUN

Autun, See also:

• AUXONNE

Auxonne and See also:

• DIJON

Dijon, and distinguished himself at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• FONTAINE, PIERRE FRANCOIS LEONARD (1762-1853)

Fontaine-Fran9aise . In 1596 he was sent to fight the Spaniards in See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, See also:

• PICARDY (La Picardie)

Picardy and See also:

• ARTOIS

Artois . After the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Vervins he discharged a See also:

• MISSION

mission at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels (1598) . From that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was engaged in intrigues with See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy, and, notwithstanding, directed the expedition sent against the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Savoy (1599-1600) . After fulfilling See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions for Henry IV. in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland (1600), he was accused and convicted of high See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason and was beheaded in the See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille on the 31st of July 1602 . His See also:

• COLLATERAL (from Med. Lat. collateralis,—cum, with, and latus, lateris, side,—side by side, hence parallel or additional)

collateral descendant, ARMAND See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

LOUIS DE GONTAUT, duc de See also:

• LAUZUN, ANTONIN NOMPAR DE CAUMONT, MARQUIS DE PUYGUILHEM

Lauzun, afterwards duc de Biron (1747-1793), is known for the See also:

• PART

part he played in the War of See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence and the revolutionary wars . Until 1788, when he succeeded to the duchyof Biron on the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle,—Louis See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine de Gontaut, duc de Biron (1700-1788)—he See also:

• BORE

bore the title of duc de Lauzun, which had passed, on the death of Antoine Nompas de Caumont, duc de Lauzun (1633-1723), to his niece, the wife of Charles Armand de Gontaut, duc de Biron (1663-1756) . After for a while wasting his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune in dissipation in various parts of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, he attracted See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention by an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the military defences of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and her colonies (tat de defense d'Angleterre et de toutes ses possessions clans See also:

• LES

les quatres parties du monde) . This led to his appointment to a command against the See also:

• ENGLISH

English in 1779, in which he gained several successes . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year he took a conspicuous part in the War of American Independence, and on his return to France was made marechal de See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp . In 1789 he was returned as See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy to the states-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general by the noblesse of See also:

• QUERCY (Lat. pagus Caturcinus, Fr. Cahorsin)

Quercy, and attached himself to the revolutionary cause . In 1791 he was sent by the Constituent See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly to receive the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of Flanders, and subsequently was appointed to its command .

In July 1792 he was nominated See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the army of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, with the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of watching the movements of the Austrians . In May 1793 he was transferred to the command of the army of La Rochelle, operating against the insurgents of La See also:

• VENDEE
• VENDEE, WARS OF THE

Vendee . He gained several successes, among them the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of See also:

• SAUMUR

Saumur and the victory of See also:

• PARTHENAY

Parthenay; but the insubordination of his troops and the intrigues of revolutionary agents made his position intolerable and he sent in his resignation . He was thereupon accused by the notorious See also:

• CARRIER
• CARRIER, JEAN BAPTISTE (1956-1794)

Carrier of incivisme and undue leniency to the insurgents, deprived of his command (July), imprisoned in the Abbaye and condemned to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal . He was guillotined on the 31st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1793 . Some Memoires, which come down to 1783, were published under his name in 1822 (new ed . 1858), and in 1865 letters said to have been written by him in 1789 to See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, describing the states-general .