See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from See also:

• LAT

Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")  , in certain branches of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, an ecclesiastic consecrated or set apart to perform certain spiritual functions, and to exercise oversight over the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy (priests or presbyters, deacons, &c.) . In the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church bishops take See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the sacerdotal See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy, and have certain spiritual See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to their See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, but See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been divided as to whether they constitute a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order or See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form merely a higher degree of the order of priests (ordo sacerdotium) . In the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholic Church the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop belongs to the highest order of the hierarchy, and in this respect is the peer even of the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, who addresses him as "See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

venerable See also:

• BROTHER

brother." By the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent he must be See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, of legitimate See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, and of approved learning and virtue . The method of his selection varies in different countries . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, under the See also:

• CONCORDAT (Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from con-, together, and cor, heart)

Concordat, the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign—and under the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president—had the right II Roman Catholic . of nomination . The same is true of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria (except four See also:

• SEES

sees), See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . In some countries the bishop is elected by the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter (as in See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg), or by the bishops of the provinces (as in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland) . In others, as in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America and See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, the pope selects one out of a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list submitted by the chapter . In all cases the nomination or See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election is subject to See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation by the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See . Before this is granted the See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate is submitted to a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double examination as to his fitness, first by a papal delegate at his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence (processus informativus in paetibus electi), and afterwards by the Roman See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation of Cardinals assigned for this purpose (processus electionis definitivus in See also:

• CURIA

curia) . In the event of both processes proving satisfactory, the bishop-elect is confirmed, preconized, and so far promoted that he is allowed to exercise the rights of See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction in his see .

He can-not, however, exercise the functions proper to the episcopal order (potestas ordinis) until his See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration, which ordinarily takes place within three months of his confirmation . The bishop is consecrated, after taking the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of fidelity to the Holy See, and subscribing the profession of faith, by a bishop appointed by the pope for the purpose, assisted by at least two other bishops or prelates, the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main features of the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act being the laying on of hands, the See also:

• ANOINTING

anointing with oil, and the delivery of the See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff and other symbols of the office . After consecration the new bishop is solemnly enthroned and blesses the assembled congregation . The potestas ordinis of the bishop is not peculiar to the Roman Church, and, in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, is claimed by all bishops, whether See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental or See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican, belonging to churches which have retained the Catholic tradition in this respect . Besides the full functions of the presbyterate, or priesthood, bishops have the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole right (1) to confer holy orders, (2) to administer confirmation, (3) to prepare the holy oil, or See also:

• CHRISM (through Lat. chrisma, from Gr. xpavua, an anointing substance, Xpiew , to anoint; through a Romanic form cresma comes the Fr. creme, and Eng. " cream ")

chrism, (4) to consecrate sacred places or utensils (churches, churchyards, altars, &c.), (5) to give the See also:

• BENEDICTION (Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, to bless)

benediction to abbots and abbesses, (6) to anoint See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings . In the See also:

• MATTER

matter of their rights of jurisdiction, however, Roman Catholic bishops differ from others in their peculiar responsibility to the Holy See . Some of their powers of legislation and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration they possess motu proprio in virtue of their position as diocesan bishops, others they enjoy under See also:

• SPECIAL

special faculties granted by the Holy See; but all bishops are See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound, by an oath taken at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of their consecration, to go to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome at fixed 'intervals (visit are sacra limina apostolorum) to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, and in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, on the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of their dioceses . The Roman bishop ranks immediately after the cardinals; he is styled reverendissimus, sanctissimus or beatissimus . In See also:

• ENGLISH

English the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is " Right See also:

• REVEREND (Lat. reverendus, gerundive of revereri, to revere, pay respect to)

Reverend "; the bishop being addressed as " my See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord bishop." The insignia (pontificalia or pontificals) of the Roman Catholic bishop are (1) a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring with a See also:

• JEWEL, JOHN (1522-1571)

jewel, symbolizing fidelity to the church, (2) the pastoral staff, (3) the See also:

• PECTORAL

pectoral See also:

• CROSS

cross, (4) the See also:

• VESTMENTS

vestments, consisting of the caligae, stockings and sandals, the See also:

• TUNICLE (Lat. tunicella)

tunicle, and See also:

• PURPLE

purple gloves, (5) the See also:

• MITRE (Lat. mitra, from Gr. j4rpa, a band, head-band, head-dress)

mitre, See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of the royal priesthood, (6) the See also:

• THRONE

throne (cathedra), surmounted by a baldachin or See also:

• CANOPY (through Fr. canape, from Med. Lat. canapeum, classical conopeum, a mosquito curtain, Gr. K6v(.4, a gnat)

canopy, on the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

gospel See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir in the cathedral church . The spiritual See also:

• FUNCTION

function and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Anglican bishops, allowing for the doctrinal changes effected at the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, are similar to those of the Roman . They alone can administer the rite of confirmation, ordain priests and deacons, and exercise a certain dispensing See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . In the established Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of bishops is vested effectively in the See also:

• CROWN

crown, though the old form of election by the cathedral chapter is retained .

They must be learned presbyters at least thirty years of age, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in lawful wedlock, and of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• LIFE

life and behaviour . The mode of appointment is regulated by 25 See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. c . 20, re-enacted in 1 See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth c . 1 (Act of Supremacy 1558) . On a vacancy occurring, the See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean and chapter notify the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king thereof in See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery, and pray leave to make election . A See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence under the Great See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

Seal to proceed to the election of a bishop, known as the See also:

• CONGE

conge d'eslire, together with a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter missive containing the name of the king's nominee, is thereupon sent to the dean and chapter, who are bound under the penalties of See also:

• PRAEMUNIRE (Lat. praemonere, to pre-admonish or fore-warn)

Praemunire to proceed within twelve days to the election of the person named in it . In the event of their refusing obedience or neglecting to elect, the bishop may be appointed by letters patent under the Great Seal without the form of election . Upon the election being reported to the crown, a See also:

• MANDATE (Mandatum)

mandate issues from the crown to the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop and See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan, requesting him and commanding him to confirm the election, and to invest and consecrate the bishop-elect . There-upon the archbishop issues a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission to his See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar-general to examine formally the See also:

• PROCESS

process of the election of the bishop, and to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply by his authority all defects in matters of form, and to administer to the bishop-elect the oaths of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance, of supremacy and of canonical obedience (see CONFIRMATION OF BisxoPs) . In the disestablished and daughter Churches the election is by the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of the Church, as in Ireland, or by a diocesan See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention, as in the United States of America . In the Church of England the potestas ordinis is conferred by consecration . This is usually carried out by an archbishop, who is assisted by two or more bishops .

The essential " form " of the consecration is in the simultaneous " laying on of hands " by the consecrating prelates . After this the new bishop, who has so far been vested only in a See also:

• ROCHET (Lat. rochettum, from the late Lat. roccus, connected with the O.H.Ger. rock, roc and the A.S. rocc; Fr. rocket, Ital. rocchetto, Sp. roquete, Ger. Rochett, Chorkleid)

rochet, retires and puts on the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the episcopal See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit, viz. the See also:

• CHIMERE (Lat. chimera, chimaera; O. Fr. chamarre, Mod. Fr. simarre; Ital. zimarra; cf. Span. zimarra, a sheepskin coat; possibly derived ultimately from Gr. xei,u pros, " wintry," i.e. a winter overcoat)

chimere . After consecration the bishop is competent to exercise all the spiritual functions of his office; but a bishopric in the Established Church, being a See also:

• BARONY

barony, is under the guardianship of the crown during a vacancy, and has to be conferred afresh on each new holder . A bishop, then, cannot enter into the enjoyment of the temporalities of his see, including his rights of presentation to benefices, before doing See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to the king . This is done in the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient feudal form, surviving elsewhere only in the conferring of the M.A. degree at See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge . The bishop kneels before the king, places his hands between his, and recites an oath of temporal allegiance; he then kisses hands . Besides the functions exercised in virtue of their order, bishops are also empowered by See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law to exercise a certain jurisdiction over all consecrated places and over all ordained persons . This jurisdiction they exercise for the most See also:

• PART

part through their consistorial courts, or through commissioners appointed under the Church Discipline Act of 1840 . By the Clergy Discipline Act of 1892 it was decreed that the trial of clerks accused of unfitness to exercise the cure of souls should be before the See also:

• CONSISTORY (Lat. consistorium, literally, a standing place, hence meeting place, waiting or audience chamber)

consistory See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court with five assessors . Under the Public See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

Worship Regulation Act of 1874, which gave to churchwardens and aggrieved parishioners the right to See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute proceedings against the clergy for breaches of the law in the conduct of divine service, a discretionary right was reserved to the bishop to stay proceedings . The bishops also exercise a certain jurisdiction over marriages, inasmuch as they have by the canons of the Church of England a power of dispensing with the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of banns before See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . These dispensations are termed marriage licences, and their legal validity is recognised by the Marriage Act of 1823 .

The bishops had formerly jurisdiction over all questions touching the validity of marriages and the status of married persons, but this jurisdiction has been transferred from the consistorial courts of the bishops to a court of the crown by the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857 . They have in a similar manner been relieved of their jurisdiction in testamentary matters, and in matters of See also:

• DEFAMATION (from the classical Lat. diffamare, to spread abroad an evil report—the English form in de is taken from the Late Lat. defamare)

defamation and of See also:

• BRAWLING (probably connected with Ger. brallen, to roar, shout)

brawling in churches; and the only jurisdiction which they continue to exercise over the general laity is with regard to their use of the churches and churchyards . The churchwardens, who are representative See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the parishes, are also executive officers of the bishops in all matters touching the decency and order of the churches and of the churchyards, and they are responsible to the bishops for the due See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of their duties; but the abolition of church rates has relieved the churchwardens of the most onerous part of their duties, which was connected with the stewardship of the church funds of their parishes . The bishops are still authorized by law to dedicate and set apart buildings for the solemnization of divine service, and grounds for the performance of burials, according to the See also:

• RITES

rites and ceremonies of the Church of England; and such buildings Anglican . and grounds, after they have been duly 'consecrated according to law, cannot be diverted to any See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular purpose except under the authority of an act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . The bishops of England have also jurisdiction to examine clerks who may be presented to benefices within their respective dioceses, and they are bound in each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case by the 95th See also:

• CANON

canon of 1604 to inquire and inform themselves of the sufficiency of each clerk within twenty-eight days, after which time, if they have not rejected him as insufficiently qualified, they are bound to institute him, or to license him, as the case may be, to the See also:

• BENEFICE (Lat. beneficium, benefit)

benefice, and thereupon to send their mandate to the See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon to induct him into the temporalities of the benefice . Where the bishop himself is See also:

• PATRON

patron of a benefice within his own See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese he is empowered to collate a clerk to it, in other words, to confer it on the clerk without the latter being presented to him . Where the clerk himself is patron of the living, the bishop may institute him on his own See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition . (See BENEFICE.) As spiritual peers, bishops of the Church of England have (subject to the limitations stated below) seats in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Lords, though whether as barons or in their spiritual character has been a matter of dispute . The latter, however, would seem to be the case, since a bishop was entitled to his See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ of See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons after confirmation and before doing homage for his barony . Doubts having been raised whether a bishop of the Church of England, being a lord of parliament, could resign his seat in the Upper House, although several precedents to that effect are on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record, a See also:

• STATUTE

statute of the See also:

• REALM

realm, which was confined to the case of the bishops of See also:

• LONDON

London and See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham, was passed in 1856, declaring that on the resignation of their sees being accepted by their respective metropolitans, those bishops should cease to sit as lords of parliament, and their sees should be filled up in the manner provided by law in the case of the avoidance of a bishopric . In 1869 the Bishops' Resignation Act was passed .

It provided that, on any bishop desiring to retire on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of age or incapacity, the sovereign should be empowered to declare the see void by an order in council, the retiring bishop or See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishop to be secured the use of the episcopal residence for life and a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of one-third of the revenues of the see, or £2000, whichever sum should prove the larger . Other sections defined the proceedings for proving, in case of need, the incapacity of a bishop, provided for the appointment of coadjutors and defined their status (See also:

• PHILLIMORE, SIR ROBERT JOSEPH (1810-1885)

Phillimore 82) . In view of the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for increasing the episcopate in the Igth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and the objection to the consequent increase of the spiritual peers in the Upper House, it was finally enacted by the Bishoprics Act of 1878 that only the archbishops and the bishops of London, See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester and Durham should be always entitled to writs summoning them to the House of Lords . The rest of the twenty-five seats are filled up, as a vacancy occurs, according to seniority of consecration . • Bishops of the Church of England rank in order of precedency immediately above barons . They may marry, but their wives as such enjoy no See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title or See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence . Bishops are addressed as Right Reverend " and have legally the style of " Lord," which, as in the case of Roman Catholic bishops in England, is extended to all, whether suffragans or holders of colonial bishoprics, by See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy . The insignia of the Anglican bishop are the rochet and the chimere, and the episcopal throne on the gospel side of the See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel of the cathedral church . The use of the mitre, pastoral staff and pectoral cross, which had fallen into See also:

• COMPLETE

complete disuse by the end of the 18th century, has been now very commonly, though not universally, revived; and, in some cases, the See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation put upon the " Ornaments See also:

• RUBRIC (Fr. rubrique, Lat. rubrica, Tuber, red)

rubric " by the See also:

• MODERN

modern High Church school has led to a more complete revival of the pre-Reformation vestments . In the Orthodox Church of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and the various com- munions springing from it, the potestas ordinis of the bishop is the same as in the Western Church . Among his qualifications the most peculiar is that he must be Orthodox Eastern . . unmarried, which, since the secular priests are compelled to marry, entails his belonging to the " See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black clergy " ormonks .

The insignia of an oriental bishop, with considerable 'variation in form, are essentially the same as those of the Catholic See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West . Besides bishops presiding over definite sees, there have been from time immemorial in the Christian Church bishops holding their jurisdiction in subordination to the bishop of the diocese . (I) The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest of these were the chorepiscopi osruabi-(ris Xwpas EIrto co7rot), i.e. See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country bishops, who were bishops. delegated by the bishops of the cities in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early church to exercise jurisdiction in the remote towns and villages as these were converted from paganism . Their functions varied in different times and places, and by some it has been held that they were originally only presbyters . In any case, this class of bishops, which had been greatly curtailed in the East in A.D . 343 by the council of See also:

• LAODICEA
• LAODICEA, SYNOD OF

Laodicea, was practically See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct everywhere by the loth century . It survived longest in Ireland, where in 1152 a synod, presided over by the papal See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate, decreed that, after the See also:

• DEATH

death of the existing holders of the office, no more should be consecrated: Their place was taken by arch-See also:

• PRESBYTER (Gr. apactObTepos, elder, the comparative of IrOo-Oas, an old man)

presbyter^ and rural deans . (2) The Episcopi regionarii, or gentiunz, were simply missionary bishops without definite sees . Such were, at the outset, See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface, the apostle of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and See also:

• WILLIBRORD (or WILBRORD), ST (d. 738)

Willibrord, the apostle of the See also:

• FRISIANS (Lat. Frisii; in Med. Lat. Frisones, Frisiones, Fresones; in their own tongue Frsasa, FrPsen)

Frisians . (3) Bishops in partibus infidelium were originally those who had been expelled from their sees by the pagans, and, while retaining their titles, were appointed to assist diocesan bishops in their See also:

• WORK

work . In later times the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom arose of consecrating bishops for this purpose, or merely as an honorary distinction, with a title derived from some place once included within, but now beyond the See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds of Christendom . (4) Coadjutor bishops are such as are appointed to assist the bishop of the diocese when incapacitated by infirmity or by other causes from fulfilling his functions alone .

Coadjutors in the early church were appointed with a view to their succeeding to the see; but this, though See also:

• COMMON

common in practice, is no longer the See also:

• RULE

rule . In the Church of England the appointment and rights of coadjutor bishops were regulated by the Bishops' Resignation Act of 1869 . Under this act the coadjutor bishop has the right of See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the see, or in the case of the archiepiscopal sees and those of London, Winchester and Durham, to the 'see vacated by the bishop, translated from another diocese to fill the vacancy . (5) See also:

• SUFFRAGAN (Med. Lat. suffraganeus suffragator, one who assists, from suffragari, to vote in favour of, to support)

Suffragan bishops (episcopi suffraganei or auxiliares) are those appointed to assist diocesan bishops in their pontifical functions when hindered by infirmity, public affairs or other causes . In the Roman Church the appointment of the suffragan rests with, the pope, on the petition of the bishop, who must prove that such is the custom of the see, name a suitable See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest and See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee his See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance . The suffragan is given a title in partibus, but never that of archbishop, and the same title is never given to two suffragans in succession . In the Church of England the status of suffragan bishops was regulated by the Act 26 Henry VIII. c . 14 . Under this statute, which, after long remaining inoperative, was amended and again put into force by the Suffragans' Nomination Act of 1888, every archbishop and bishop, being disposed to have a suffragan to assist him, may name two honest and discreet spiritual persons for the crown to give to one of them the title, name, style and dignity of a bishop of any one of twenty-six sees enumerated in the statute, as the crown may think convenient . The crown, having made choice of one of such persons, is empowered to See also:

• PRESENT

present him by letters patent under the great seal to the metropolitan, requiring him to consecrate him to the same name, title, style and dignity of a bishop; and the person so consecrated is thereupon entitled to exercise, under a commission from the bishop who has nominated him, such authority and jurisdiction, within the diocese of such bishop, as shall be given to him by the commission, and no other . The title of bishop survived the Reformation in certain of the Lutheran churches of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, in See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland, See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and Transylvania; it was See also:

• TERN (Norsk taerne, tende or tende; Swedish tarna; Dutch Stern1)

tern- Lutheran orarilY restored in See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia in r 7o1, for the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation churches . P of King See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I., again between 1816 and 184o by Frederick See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III., and in See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau in 1818 .

In these latter cases, however, the title bishop is See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to that of " See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent," the form most, generally employed . The Lutheran bishops, as a rule, do not possess or claim unbroken " apostolic succession "; those of Finland and Sweden are, however, an exception . The Lutheran bishops of Transylvania sit, with the Roman and Orthodox bishops, in the Hungarian Upper House . In some cases the secularization of. episcopal principalities at the Reformation led to the survival of the title of bishop as a purely secular distinction . Thus the see of See also:

• OSNABRUCK

Osnabruck (Osnaburgh) was occupied, from the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia tp 1802, alternately by a Catholic and a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince . From 1762 to 1802 it was held by Frederick, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, the last prince-bishop . Similarly, the bishopric of See also:

• SCHWERIN
• SCHWERIN, KURT CHRISTOPH, COUNT VON (1684–1757)

Schwerin survived as a Protestant prince-bishopric until 1648, when it was finally secularized and annexed to See also:

• MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg; and the see of See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck was held by Protestant " bishops " from 1530 till its See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation to, See also:

• OLDENBURG

Oldenburg in 1803.1 In other Protestant communities, e.g. the Moravians, the Methodist Episcopal Church and the See also:

• MORMONS

Mormons, the office and title of bishop have survived, or been created . Their functions and status will be found described in the accounts of the several churches . - See Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon, s . "Bischof" and "Weihen'' ; See also:

• HINSCHIUS, PAUL (1835–1898)

Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, vol. ii.; See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyhlopadie, s . " Bischof " (the author rather arbitrarily classes Anglican with Lutheran bishops as not bishops in any proper sense at all); Phillimore's Ecclesiastical Law; the articles ORDER, HOLY; VESTMENTS; ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION; See also:

• EPISCOPACY (from Late Lat. episcopatus, the office of a bishop, episcopas)

EPISCOPACY . (W .

A .