BJORNSTJERNE See also:

• BJORNSTJERNE BJORNSON (1832-1910)

BJORNSON (1832-1910)  , See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian poet, novelist and dramatist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 8th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1832 at the farmstead of Bjorgen, in Kvikne, in Osterdal, See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway . In 1837 his See also:

• FATHER

father, who had been pastor of Kvikne, was transferred to the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of Noesset, in See also:

• ROMSDAL

Romsdal; in this romantic See also:

• DISTRICT

district the childhood of See also:

• BJORNSON, BJORNSTJERNE (1832-1910)

Bjornson was spent . After some teaching at the neighbouring See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• MOLDE

Molde, he was sent at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of seventeen to a well-known school in See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania to study for the university; his See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct for See also:

• POETRY

poetry was already awakened, and indeed he had written verses from his See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh See also:

• YEAR

year . He matriculated at the university of Christiania in 1852, and soon began to See also:

• WORK

work as a journalist, especially as a dramatic critic . In 1857 appeared Synnove Solbakken, the first of Bjornson's See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant-novels; in 1858 this was followed by See also:

• ARNE, THOMAS AUGUSTINE (1710-1778)

Arne, in 186o by A Happy Boy, and in 1868 by The See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

Fisher See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

Maiden . These are the most important specimens of his See also:

• BONDE, GUSTAF, COUNT (162o-1667)

bonde-fortaellinger or peasant-tales--a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of his See also:

• LITERARY

literary work which has made a profound impression in his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and has made him popular through-out the See also:

• WORLD

world . Two of the tales, Arne and Synnove Solbakken, offer perhaps finer examples of the pure peasant-See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story than are to be found elsewhere in literature . Bjornson was anxious " to create a new See also:

• SAGA (literally a story committed to writing)

saga in the See also:

• LIGHT

light of the peasant," as he put it, and he thought this should be done, not merely in See also:

• PROSE

prose fiction, but in See also:

• NATIONAL

national dramas or folke-stykker . The earliest of these was a one-See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act piece the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of which is laid in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, Between the Battles, written in 1855, but not produced until 1857 . He was especially influenced at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by the study of See also:

• BAGGESEN, JENS IMMANUEL (1764-1826)

Baggesen and Oehlenschlager, during a visit to See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen 1856-1857 . Between the Battles was followed by Lame See also:

• HULDA

Hulda in 1858, and See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Sverre in 1861 . All these efforts, however, were far excelled by the splendid trilogy of See also:

• SIGURD (Sigur6r)

Sigurd the See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

Bastard, which Bjornson issued in 1862 .

This raised him to the front See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank among the younger poets of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . His Sigurd the Crusader should be added to the See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category of these heroic plays, although it was not printed until 1872 . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of 1857 Bjornson had been appointed director of the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre at See also:

• BERGEN

Bergen, a See also:

• POST

post which he held, with much journalistic work, for two years, when he returned to the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . From 186o to 1863 he travelled widely throughout Europe . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1865 he undertook the management of the Christiania theatre, and brought out his popular See also:

• COMEDY

comedy of The Newly Married and his romantic tragedy of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . Although Bjornson has introduced into his novels and plays songs of extraordinary beauty, he was never a very copious writer of See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse; in 187o he published his Poems and Songs and the epic See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle called Arnljot Gelline; the latter See also:

• VOLUME

volume contains the magnificent See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

ode called "Bergliot," Bjornson's finest contribution to lyrical poetry . Between 1864 and 1874, in the very See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime of See also:

• LIFE

life, Bjornson displayed a slackening of the intellectual forces very remarkable in a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of his See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy; he was indeed during these years mainly occupied with politics, and with his business as a theatrical manager . This was the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of Bjornson's most fiery propaganda as a See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical agitator . In 1871 he began to supplement his journalistic work in this direction by delivering lectures over the length and breadth of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern countries . He possessed to a surprising degree the arts of the orator, combined.with a magnificent See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige . From 1873 to 1876 See also:

• BLACHFORD, FREDERIC ROGERS, BARON (1811-1889)

BLACHFORD 17 Bjornson was absent from Norway, and in the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of voluntary See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile he recovered his imaginative See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . His new departure as a dramatic author began with A See also:

• BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

Bankruptcy and The Editor in 1874, social dramas of an extremely See also:

• MODERN

modern and realistic See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast .

The poet now settled on his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of Aulestad in Gausdal . In 1877 he published another novel,' Magnhild—an imperfect See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production, in which his ideas on social questions were seen to be in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• FERMENTATION

fermentation, and gave expression to his republican sentiments in the polemical See also:

• PLAY

play called The King, to a later edition of which he prefixed an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on " Intellectual Freedom," in further explanation of his position . See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Mansana, an See also:

• EPISODE

episode of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, belongs to 1878 . Extremely anxious to obtain a full success on the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, BjOrnson concentrated his powers on a See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama of social life, Leonarda (1879), which raised a violent controversy . A satirical play, The New See also:

• SYSTEM

System, was produced a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks later . Although these plays of Bjornson's second period were greatly discussed, none of them (except A Bankruptcy) pleased on the boards . When once more he produced a social drama, A See also:

• GAUNTLET (a diminutive of the Fr. gant, glove)

Gauntlet, in 1883, he was unable to persuade any manager to stage it, except in a modified See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, though this play gives the full measure of his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power as a dramatist . In the autumn of the same year, Bjornson published a mystical or symbolic drama Beyond our Powers, dealing with the abnormal features of religious excitement with extraordinary force; this was not acted until 1899, when it achieved a See also:

• GREAT

great success . Meanwhile, Bjornson's See also:

• POLITICAL

political attitude had brought upon him a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of high See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, and he took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge for a time in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, returning to Norway in 1882 . Convinced that the theatre was practically closed to him, he turned back to the novel, and published in 1884, Flags are Flying in Town and See also:

• PORT

Port, embodying his theories on See also:

• HEREDITY

heredity and See also:

• EDUCATION

education . In 1889 he printed another See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and still more remarkable novel, In See also:

• GOD

God's Way, which is chiefly concerned with the same problems . The same year saw the publication of a comedy, See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography and Love, which continues to be played with success .

A number of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stories, of a more or less didactic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, dealing with startling points of emotional experience, were collected in 1894; among them those which produced the greatest sensation were Dust, See also:

• MOTHER

Mother's Hands, and See also:

• ABSALOM (Hebrew for " father of [or is] peace ")

Absalom's See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

Hair . Later plays were a political tragedy called See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• LANGE, ANNE FRANCOISE ELIZABETH (1772—1816)
• LANGE, ERNST PHILIPP KARL (1813—1899)
• LANGE, FRIEDRICH ALBERT (1828—1875)
• LANGE, JOHANN PETER (1802-1884)

Lange and Tora Parsberg (1898), a second See also:

• PART

part of Beyond our Powers (1895), Laboremus (1901), At Storhove (1902), and Daglannet (1904). in 1899, at the opening of the National theatre, Bjornson received an See also:

• OVATION (Lat. ovatio)

ovation, and his saga-drama of Sigurd the Crusader was performed . A subject which interested him greatly, and on which he occupied his indefatigable See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen, was the question of the bondemaal, the adopting of a national See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language for Norway distinct from the dansk-norsk (Dano-Norwegian), in which her literature has hitherto been written . Bjprnson's strong and sometimes rather narrow patriotism did not See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind him to the fatal folly of such a proposal, and his lectures and See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets against the maalstraev in its extreme form did more than anything else to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the language in this dangerous moment . BjOrnson was one of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original members of the See also:

• NOBEL, ALFRED BERNHARD (1833-1896)

Nobel See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee, and was re-elected in 'coo . In 1903 he was awarded the Nobel See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize for literature . Bjornson had done as much as any other man to rouse Norwegian national feeling, but in 1903, on the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of the rupture between Norway and See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, he preached conciliation and moderation to the Norwegians . He was an eloquent See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan-Germanism, and, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing to the , See also:

• FIGARO

Figaro in 19o5, he outlined a Pan-Germanic See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance of northern Europe and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America . He died on the 26th of See also:

• APRIL

April 19ro . See Bjornson's Samlede Vaerker (Copenhagen, 1900-1902,11 vols.) ; The Novels of Bjornstjerne Bjornson (1894, c.), edited by See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• GOSSE, EDMUND (1849– )
• GOSSE, PHILIP HENRY (1810–r888)

Gosse; G . See also:

• BRANDES, GEORG MORRIS COHEN (1842– )

Brandes, See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

Critical Studies (1899); E . See also:

• TISSOT, JAMES JOSEPH JACQUES (1836-1902)
• TISSOT, PIERRE FRANCOIS (1768–1854)

Tissot, Le drame norve'See also:

• GIEN

gien (189 ); C .

D. of Wirsen, Kritiker (1901); Chr . See also:

• COLLIN
• COLLIN, HEINRICH JOSEPH VON (1771-1811)

Collin, Bjornstjerne Bjornson (.2 vols., See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German ed., 1903), the most See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography and See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism at See also:

• PRESENT

present available; and B . Halvorsen, Norsk Forfalter Lexikon (1885) . (E .