See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)  , a See also:

• TERM

term used in maritime warfare . Originally a See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea was probably nothing more than the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent in maritime warfare of a blockade or See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege on See also:

• LAND

land in which the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army investing the blockaded or besieged See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is in actual See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of a See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone through which it can prevent and forbid See also:

• INGRESS (Lat. ingresses, going in)

ingress and See also:

• EGRESS (Lat. egressus, going out)

egress . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• CROSS

cross such a zone without the consent of the investing army would be an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of hostility against the besiegers . A maritime blockade, when it formed See also:

• PART

part of a siege, would obviously also be a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close blockade, being part of the military See also:

• CORDON (a French derivative of corde, cord)

cordon See also:

• DRAWN

drawn See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the besieged place . Even from the first, however, See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences would begin to grow up in the conditions arising out of the operations on land and on sea . Thus whereas conveying merchandise across military lines would be a deliberate act of hostility against the investing force, a neutral See also:

• SHIP

ship which had sailed in See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of the blockade for the blockaded place might in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good faith cross the blockade See also:

• LINE

line without committing a hostile act against the investing force . With the development of recognition of neutral rights the involuntary See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach would be taken into See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, and See also:

• NOTICE

notice to neutral states and to approaching vessels would come into use . With the employment in warfare of larger vessels in the place of the more numerous small ones of an earlier See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, notice, moreover, would tend to take the place of de facto investment, and at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when communication between governments was still slow and pre-carious, such notice would sometimes be given as a possible measure of belligerent See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics before the blockade could be actually carried out . Out of these circumstances See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up the abuse of " See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper blockades." The See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax was reached in the " See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental Blockade " decreed by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon in 18o6, which continued till it was abolished by See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international agreement in 1812 . This blockade forbade all countries under See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French dominion or allied with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to have any communication with See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . Great Britain replied in 1807 by a similar measure . The first nation to protest against these fictitious blockades was the See also:

• UNITED

United States .

Already in 1800 See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall, secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, wrote to the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister in Great Britain pointing out objections which have since been universally admitted . In the following interesting passage he said: " Ports not effectually blockaded by a force capable of completely investing them have yet been declared in a state of blockade . . . . If the effectiveness of the blockade be dispensed with, then every See also:

• PORT

port of the belligerent See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers may at all times be declared in that state, and the See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce of neutrals be thereby subjected to universal See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture . But if this principle be strictly adhered to, the capacity to blockade will be limited by the See also:

• NAVAL

naval force of the belligerent, and, in consequence, the See also:

• MISCHIEF

mischief to neutral commerce cannot be very extensive . It is, therefore, of the last importance to neutrals that this principle be maintained unimpaired . I observe that you have pressed this reasoning on the See also:

• BRITISH

British minister, who replies that an occasional See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of a See also:

• FLEET

fleet from a blockaded port ought not to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change the state of the place . Whatever force this observation may be entitled to, where that occasional absence has been produced by an See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident, as a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm, which for a moment blows off a fleet and forces it from its station, which station it immediately resumes, I am persuaded that where a part of the fleet is applied, though only for a time, to other See also:

• OBJECTS

objects or comes into port, the very principle requiring an effective blockade, which is that the mischief can only be coextensive with the naval force of the belligerent, requires that during such temporary absence the commerce to the neutrals to the place should be See also:

• FREE

free." i i John Marshall, secretary of state, to See also:

• RUFUS, GAIUS VALGIUS
• RUFUS, LUCIUS VARIUS (c 74—14 B.c.)

Rufus See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King, minister to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, loth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1800, Am . State Papers, Class I, For . Rel . II, No . 181, J .

B . See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore, See also:

• DIGEST

Digest of International See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law, vii . 788 . Again in 1803 See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison wrote to the then American minister in See also:

• LONDON

London: " The law of nations requires to constitute a blockade that there should be the presence and position of a force rendering See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the prohibited place manifestly difficult and dangerous."' In 1826 and 1827 Great Britain as well as the United States asserted that blockades in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to be binding must he effective . This became gradually the recognized view, and when in 1856 the powers represented at the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris inserted in the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration there adopted that " blockades in order to be binding must be effective, that is to say, maintained by a force sufficient really to prevent access to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of an enemy," they were merely enunciating a See also:

• RULE

rule which neutral states had already become too powerful to allow belligerents to disregard . Blockade is universally admitted to be a belligerent right to which under international law neutrals are obliged to submit . It is now also universally admitted that the above-quoted rule of the Declaration of Paris forms part of international law, in-dependently of the declaration . Being, however, exclusively a belligerent right, it cannot be exercised except by a belligerent force . Even a de facto belligerent has the right to See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute a blockade binding on neutrals if it has the means of making it effective, though the force opposed to it may treat the de facto belligerent as rebels . It is also admitted that, being exclusively a belligerent right, it cannot be exercised in time of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, but there has been some inconsistency in practice (see PACIFIC BLOCKADE) which will probably See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead governments, in order to avoid protests of neutral powers against belligerent rights being exercised in See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere coercive proceedings, to exercise all the rights of belligerents and carry on de facto See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war to entitle them to use violence against neutral infringers . This was done in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the blockade of See also:

• VENEZUELA

Venezuela by Great Britain, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in 1902-1903 . The points upon which controversy still arises are as to what constitutes an " effective " blockade and what a sufficient notice of blockade to See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant the penalties of violation, viz. See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of the ship and of the See also:

• CARGO (Span. for " loading," from Lat. carries, car)

cargo unless the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence demonstrates the innocence of the cargo owners .

A blockade to be effective must be maintained by a sufficient force to prevent the entrance of neutral vessels into the blockaded port or ports, and it must be duly proclaimed . Subject to these principles being complied with, " the question of the See also:

• LEGITIMACY

legitimacy and effectiveness of a blockade is one of fact to be determined in each case upon the evidence presented " (See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas F . See also:

• BAYARD, PIERRE TERRAIL, SEIGNEUR DE (1473–1524)
• BAYARD, THOMAS FRANCIS (1828-1898)

Bayard, American secretary of state, to Messrs Kamer & Co., loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1889) . The British See also:

• MANUAL

manual of naval See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize law sums up the cases in which a blockade, validly instituted, ceases to be effectively maintained, as follows:—(1) If the blockading force abandons its position, unless the See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment be merely temporary or caused by stress of See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, or (2) if it be driven away by the enemy, or (3) if it be negligent in its duties, or (4) if it be partial in the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of its duties towards one ship rather than another, or towards the See also:

• SHIPS

ships of one nation rather than those of another . These cases, however, are based on decisions of the British See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and cannot be relied on absolutely' as a statement of international law . As regards notice the following American instructions were given to blockading See also:

• OFFICERS

officers in See also:

• JUNE

June 1898: " Neutral vessels are entitled to notification of a blockade before they can be made prize for its attempted violation . The character of this notification is not material . It may be actual, as by a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel of the blockading force, or constructive, as by a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government maintaining the blockade, or by See also:

• COMMON

common notoriety . If a neutral vessel can be shown to have had notice of the blockade in any way, she is good prize, and should be sent in for See also:

• ADJUDICATION (Lat. adjudicatio; adjudicare, to award)

adjudication; but should formal notice not have been given, the rule of constructive knowledge arising from notoriety should be construed in a manner liberal to the neutral . " Vessels appearing before a blockaded port, having sailed without notification, are entitled to actual notice by a blockading vessel . r James Madison, secretary of state, to Mr See also:

• THORNTON, HENRY (1760—1815)
• THORNTON, ROBERT (1623-1678)
• THORNTON, WILLIAM THOMAS (1813-188o)

Thornton, 27th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1803, 14 MS . Dom .

Let . 215 . Moore, Digest of International Law, vii . 789 . They should be boarded by an officer, who should enter in the ship's See also:

• LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

log the fact of such notice, such entry to include the name of the blockading vessel giving notice, the extent of the blockade, the date and place, verified by his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature . The vessel is then to be set free; and should she again attempt to enter the same or any other blockaded port as to which she has had notice, she is good prize . Should it appear from a vessel's clearance that she sailed after notice of blockade had been communicated to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of her port of departure, or after the fact of blockade had, by a See also:

• FAIR

fair presumption, become commonly known at that port, she should be sent in as a prize." The passages in italics are not in accordance with the views held by other states, which do not recognize the binding character of a See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic notification or of constructive notice from notoriety . The subject was brought up at the second See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague See also:

• CONFERENCE

Conference (1907) . The See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and Mexican delegations submitted projects, but after a declaration by the British delegate in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the subject (See also:

• SIR

Sir E . Satow) that blockade not having been included in the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme, his government had given him no instructions upon it, the subject, at his See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion, was dropped . A Viceu, however, was adopted in favour of formulating rules on all branches of the See also:

• LAWS

laws and customs of naval war, and a See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention was agreed to for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of an international Prize Court (see PRIZE) . Under See also:

• ART

Art .

7 of the latter convention the Court was to apply the " rules of international law," and in their absence the " See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general principles of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and See also:

• EQUITY (Lat. aequitas)

equity." As soon as possible after the close of the second Hague Conference the British government took steps to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call a See also:

• SPECIAL

special conference of the maritime powers, which sat from See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 4, 1908 to February 26, 1909 . Among the subjects dealt with was Blockade, the rules See also:

• RELATING

relating to which are as follow: Art . 1 . A blockade must not extend beyond the ports and coasts belonging to or occupied by the enemy . Art . 2 . In accordance with the Declaration of Paris of 1856, a blockade, in order to be binding, must be effective—that is to say, it must be maintained by a force sufficient really to prevent access to the enemy coastline . Art . 3 . The question whether a blockade is effective is a question of fact . Art . 4 .

A blockade is not regarded as raised if the blockading force is temporarily withdrawn on account of stress of weather . Art . 5 . A blockade must be applied impartially to the ships of all nations . Art . 6 . The See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of a blockading force may give permission to a warship to enter, and subsequently to leave, a blockaded port . Art . 7 . In circumstances of See also:

• DISTRESS

distress, acknowledged by an officer of the blockading force, a neutral vessel may enter a place under blockade and subsequently leave it, provided that she has neither discharged nor shipped any cargo there . Art . 8 .

A blockade, in order to be binding, must be declared in accordance with See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

Article 9, and notified in accordance with Articles 11 and 16 . Art . 9 . A declaration of blockade is made either by the blockading See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power or by the naval authorities acting in its name . It specifies (1) the date when the blockade begins; (2) the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical limits of the coastline under blockade; (3) the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period within which neutral vessels may come out . Art . Io . If the operations of the blockading power, or of the naval authorities acting in its name, do not See also:

• TALLY

tally with the particulars, which, in accordance with Article 9 (I) and (2), must be inserted in the declaration of blockade, the declaration is void, and a new declaration is necessary in order to make the blockade operative . Art . Ii . A declaration of blockade is notified: (I) to neutral powers, by the blockading power by means of a communication addressed to the governments See also:

• DIRECT

direct, or to their representatives accredited to it ; (2) to the See also:

• LOCAL

local authorities, by the officer commanding the blockading force . The local authorities will, in turn, inform the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign consular officers at the port or on the coastline under blockade as soon as possible .

Art . 12 . The rules as to declaration and notification of blockade apply to cases where the limits of a blockade are extended, or where a blockade is re-established after having been raised . Art . 13 . The voluntary raising of a blockade, as also any re. striction in the limits of a blockade, must be notified in the manner prescribed by Article 11 . Art . 14 . The liability of a neutral vessel to capture for breach of blockade is contingent on her knowledge, actual or presumptive, of the blockade . Art . 15 . Failing See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof to the contrary, knowledge of the blockade is presumed if the vessel See also:

• LEFT

left a neutral port subsequently to the notification of the blockade to the power to which such port belongs, provided that such notification was made in sufficient time .

Art . 16 . If a vessel approaching a blockaded port has no know-ledge, actual or presumptive, of the blockade, the notification must be made to the vessel itself by an officer of one of the ships of the blockading force . This notification should be entered in the vessel's logbook, and must state the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day and See also:

• HOUR

hour, and the geographical position of the vessel at the time . If through the See also:

• NEGLIGENCE (Lat. negligentia, from negligere, to neglect, literally " not to pick up ")

negligence of the officer commanding the blockading force no declaration of blockade has been notified to the local authorities, or if in the declaration, as notified, no period has been mentioned within which neutral vessels may come out, a neutral vessel coming out of the blockaded port must be allowed to pass free . Art . 17 . Neutral vessels may not be captured for breach of blockade except within the See also:

• AREA

area of operations of the warships detailed to render the blockade effective . Art . 18 . The blockading forces must not See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar access to neutral ports or coasts . Art .

19 . Whatever may be the ulterior destination of a vessel or of her cargo, she cannot be captured for breach of blockade, if, at the moment, she is on her way to a non-blockaded port . Art . 2o . A vessel which has broken blockade outwards, or which has attempted to break blockade inwards, is liable to capture so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as she is pursued by a ship of the blockading force . If the pursuit is abandoned, or if the blockade is raised, her capture can no longer be effected . Art . 21 . A vessel found guilty of breach of blockade is liable to condemnation . The cargo is also condemned, unless it is proved that at the time of the shipment of the goods the shipper neither knew nor could have known of the intention to break the blockade . (T .