BLUEBEARD  , the See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• PERRAULT, CHARLES (1628-1703)

Perrault's See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale of Barbe Bleue, who murdered his wives and hid their bodies in a locked See also:

• ROOM

room . Perrault's tale was first printed in his Histoires et contes du terns passe (1697) . The essentials of the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story—Bluebeard's See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition to his wife to open a certain See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door during his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, her disobedience, her See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of a gruesome See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret, and her timely See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue from See also:

• DEATH

death—are to be found in other See also:

• FOLKLORE

folklore stories, none of which, however, has attained the fame of Bluebeard . A See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close parallel exists in an Esthonian See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of a See also:

• HUSBAND

husband who had already killed eleven wives, and was prevented from killing the twelfth, who had opened a secret room, by a gooseherd, the friend of her childhood . In " The See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

Feather See also:

• BIRD

Bird " of See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm's Hausmarchen, three sisters are the victims, the third being rescued by her See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers . Bluebeard, though Perrault does not See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state the number of his crimes, is generally credited with the See also:

• MURDER

murder of seven wives . His See also:

• HISTORY

history belongs to the See also:

• COMMON

common stock of folklore, and has even been ingeniously fitted with a mythical See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France the Bluebeard legend has its See also:

• LOCAL

local habitation in See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany, but whether the existing traditions connecting him with Gilles de See also:

• RAIS (or RETZ), GILLES DE (1404-1440)

Rais (q.v.) or Comorre the Cursed, a See also:

• BRETON, BRITTON
• BRETON, JULES ADOLPHE

Breton See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, were anterior to Perrault's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, we have no means of determining . The See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of Bluebeard with Gilles de Rais, the bete d'extermination of See also:

• MICHELET, JULES (1798-1874)

Michelet's forcible See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, persists locally in the neighbourhood of the various castles of the See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron, especially at Machecoul and Tiffauges, the chief scenes of his infamous crimes . Gilles de Rais, however, had only one wife, who survived him, and his victims were in the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of cases See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young boys . The traditional connexion may arise simply from 'the not improbable association of two monstrous tales . The less widespread identification of Bluebeard with Comorre is supported by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of frescoes dating only a few years later than the publication of Perrault's story, in a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel at St See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas de Bieuzy dedicated to St Tryphine, in which the tale of Bluebeard is depicted as the story of the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, who in history was the wife of Comorre .

Comorre or Conomor had his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original headquarters at Carhaix, in See also:

• FINISTERE, or FINISTERRE

Finistere . He extended his authority by See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with the widow of See also:

• IONA

Iona, chief of Domnonia, and attempted the See also:

• LIFE

life of his stepson Judwal, who fled to the Frankish See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . About 547 or 548 he obtained in marriage, through the intercession of St See also:

• GILDAS, or GILDUS (c. 516–J70)

Gildas, Tryphine, daughter of Weroc, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• VANNES

Vannes . The pair lived in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace at See also:

• CASTEL, LOUIS BERTRAND (1688-1757)

Castel Finans for some time, but Comorre, disappointed in his ambitions in the Vannetais, presently threatened Tryphine . She took See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, but her husband found her hiding in a See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, when he gave her a See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound on the See also:

• SKULL

skull and See also:

• LEFT

left her for dead . She was tended and restored to See also:

• HEALTH

health by St Gildas, and after the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of her son retired to a See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of her own See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation . Eventually Comorre was defeated and slain by Judwal . In legend St Tryphine was decapitated and miraculously restored to life by Gildas . Alain Bouchard (Grander croniques, See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes, 1531) asserts that Comorre had already put several wives to death before he married Tryphine . In the Legendes bretonnes of the count d'Amezeuil the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church legend becomes a charming See also:

• FAIRY (Fr. fee, faerie; Prov. facia; Sp. hada; Ital. fata; med. Lat. fatare, to enchant, from Lat. fatum, fate, destiny)

fairy tale . See also E . A .

See also:

• VIZETELLY, HENRY (1820-1894)

Vizetelly, Bluebeard (1902); E . See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney Hartland, " The Forbidden Chamber," in Folklore, vol. iii . (1885) ; and the See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the Contes of Charles Perrault (q.v.) . Cf . A . France, See also:

• LES

Les See also:

• SEPT

Sept Femmes de Barbe Bleue (1909) . See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

BLUE-See also:

• BOOK

BOOK, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general name given to the reports and other documents printed by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, so called from their being usually covered with blue See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, though some are See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound in drab and others have See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white covers . The See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing of its proceedings was first adopted by the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons in 1681, and in 1836 was commenced the practice of selling See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary papers to the public . All notices of questions, resolutions, votes and proceedings in both Houses of Parliament are issued each See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day during the session; other publications include the various papers issued by the different See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government departments, the reports of committees and commissions of inquiry, public bills, as well as returns, See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence, &c., specially ordered to be printed by either house . The papers of each session are so arranged as to admit of being bound up in See also:

• REGULAR

regular order, and are well indexed . The terms upon which blue-books, single papers, &c., are issued to the general public are one See also:

• HALFPENNY, WILLIAM

halfpenny per See also:

• SHEET

sheet of four pages, but for an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual subscription of £20 all the parliamentary publications of the See also:

• YEAR

year may be obtained; but subscriptions can be arranged so that almost any particular class of publication can be obtained—for example, the daily votes and proceedings can be obtained for an annual subscription of £3, the House of Lords papers for £1o, or the House of Commons papers for £15 . Any publication can also be See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased separately .

Most See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign countries have a distinctive See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour for the binding of their See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official publications . That of the United States varies, but foreign See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic correspondence is bound in red . The United States government publications are not only on See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale (as a See also:

• RULE

rule) but are widely supplied gratis, with the result that important publications soon get out of See also:

• PRINT

print, and it is difficult to obtain See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to many valuable reports or other See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, except at a public library . See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German official publications are bound in white; See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, in yellow; See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian, in red; Portuguese, in white; See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, in See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green; See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, in red; Mexican, in green; See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese, in See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey; See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, in yellow .