See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

MANUEL MARIA BARBOSA DE See also:

• BOCAGE (from O. Fr. boscage, Late Lat. boscum, a wood)
• MANUEL MARIA BARBOSA DE BOCAGE (1765-1805)

BOCAGE (1765-1805)  , Portuguese poet, was a native of See also:

• SETUBAL (formerly called in English St Ubes and in French St Yves)

Setubal . His See also:

• FATHER

father had held important judicial and administrative appointments, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, from whom he took his last surname, was the daughter of a Portuguese See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth who had fought at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Matapan . See also:

• BOCAGE (from O. Fr. boscage, Late Lat. boscum, a wood)
• BOCAGE, MANUEL MARIA BARBOSA DE (1765-1805)

Bocage began to make verses in See also:

• INFANCY

infancy, and being somewhat of a See also:

• PRODIGY

prodigy See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up to be flattered, self-conscious and unstable . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fourteen, he suddenly See also:

• LEFT

left school and joined the 7th See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment; but tiring of See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison See also:

• LIFE

life at Setubal after two years, he decided to enter the See also:

• NAVY

navy . He proceeded to the royal marine See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy in See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon, but instead of studying he pursued love adventures, and for the next five years burnt See also:

• INCENSE

incense on many altars, while his retentive memory and extraordinary See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent for improvisation gained him a See also:

• HOST

host of admirers and turned his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . The Brazilian modinhas, little rhymed poems sung to a See also:

• GUITAR (Fr. guitarre, Ger. Guitarre, Ital. chitarra, Span. guitarra)

guitar at See also:

• FAMILY

family parties, were then in See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue, and Bocage added to his fame by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing a number of these, by his skill in extemporizing verses on a given theme, and by allegorical idyllic pieces, the subjects of which are similar to those of See also:

• WATTEAU, ANTOINE (1684-1721)

Watteau's and See also:

• BOUCHER, FRANCOIS (1703-1770)
• BOUCHER, JONATHAN (1738-1804)

Boucher's pictures . In 1786 he was appointed guardamarinha in the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian navy, and he reached See also:

• GOA

Goa by way of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil in See also:

• OCTOBER

October . There he came into an ignorant society full of See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty intrigue, where his particular talents found no See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope to display themselves; the glamour of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East left him unmoved and the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate brought on a serious illness . In these circumstances he compared the heroic traditions of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal in See also:

• ASIA

Asia, which had induced him to leave See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, with the reality, and wrote his satirical sonnets on " The Decadence of the Portuguese See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire in Asia," and those addressed to Affonso de See also:

• ALBUQUERQUE
• ALBUQUERQUE, ALPHONSO

Albuquerque and D . Joao de See also:

• CASTRO, INEZ DE (d. 1355)
• CASTRO, JOAO DE (1500-1548)

Castro . The irritation caused by these satires, together with rivalries in love affairs, made it advisable for him to leave Goa, and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1789 he obtained the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of the infantry See also:

• COMPANY

company at See also:

• DAMAUN

Damaun; but he promptly deserted and made his way to See also:

• MACAO (A-Ma-ngao, " Harbour of the goddess A-Ma "; Port. Macau)

Macao, where he arrived in See also:

• JULY

July-See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August . According to a See also:

• MODERN

modern tradition much of the Lusiads had been written there, and Bocage probably travelled to See also:

• CHINA

China under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• CAMOENS [CAMOES], LUIS VAZ DE (1524-1580)

Camoens, to whose life and misfortunes he loved to compare his own .

Though he escaped the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of his See also:

• DESERTION

desertion, he had no resources and lived on See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, whose help enabled him to return to Lisbon in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the following See also:

• YEAR

year . Once back in Portugal he found his old popularity, and resumed his vagabond existence . The age was one of reaction against the Pombaline reforms, and the famous See also:

• INTENDANT (from Lat. intendens, pres. part. of intendere, to apply the mind to, to watch over; cf. " superintendent ")

intendant of See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police, Manique, in his determination to keep out French revolutionary and atheistic propaganda, forbade the importation of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• CLASSICS

classics and the discussion of all liberal ideas . Hence the only vehicle of expression left was See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire, which Bocage employed with an unsparing See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . His poverty compelled him to eat and See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep with friends like the turbulent See also:

• FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

friar Jose Agos; tinho de See also:

• MACEDO, JOSE AGOSTINHO DE (1761-1831)

Macedo (q.v.), and he soon See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under suspicion with Manique . He became a member of the New See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia, a See also:

• LITERARY

literary society founded in 1790, under the name of Elmano Sadino, but left it three years later . Though including in its ranks most of the poets of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, the New Arcadia produced little of real merit, and before See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long its adherents became enemies anddescended to an angry warfare of words . But Bocage's reputation among the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general public and with foreign travellers grew year by year . See also:

• BECKFORD, WILLIAM (1760–1844)

Beckford, the author of Vatheh, for instance, describes him as " a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale, See also:

• LIMBER

limber, See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd-looking See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, the queerest but perhaps the most See also:

• ORIGINAL

original of See also:

• GOD

God's poetical creatures . This See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange and versatile See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character may be said to possess the true wand of enchantment which at the will of its See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master either animates or petrifies." In 1797 enemies of Bocage belonging to the New Arcadia delated him to Manique, who on the pretext afforded by some See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-religious verses, the Epistola k Marilia, and by his loose life, arrested him when he was about to flee the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and lodged him in the Limoeiro, where he spent his See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-second birthday . His sufferings induced him to a speedy recantation, and after much importuning of friends, he obtained his See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November from the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison to that of the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition, then a mild tribunal, and shortly after-wards recovered his See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty . He returned to his bohemian life and subsisted by writing empty Elogios Dramaticos for the theatres, See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing volumes of verses and translating the didactic poems of See also:

• DELILLE, JACQUES (1738–1813)

Delille, See also:

• CASTEL, LOUIS BERTRAND (1688-1757)

Castel and others, some second-See also:

• RATE

rate French plays and See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid's Metamorphoses .

These resources and the help of See also:

• BROTHER

brother Freemasons just enabled him to exist, and a purifying influence came into his life in the shape of a real See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for the two beautiful daughters of D . See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio Bersane See also:

• LEITH

Leith, which See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew from him verses of true feeling mixed with regrets for the past . Ile would have married the younger See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, D . See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna Perpetua (Analia), but excesses had ruined his See also:

• HEALTH

health . In 1801 his poetical rivalry with Macedo became more acute and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal, and ended by See also:

• DRAWING

drawing from Bocage a stinging extempore poem, Pena de Talido, which remains a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of invective . In 1804 the malady from which he suffered increased, and the approach of See also:

• DEATH

death inspired some beautiful sonnets, including one directed to D . Maria (Marcia), See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• SISTER

sister of Analia, who visited and consoled him . He became reconciled to his enemies, and breathed his last on the 21st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1805 . His end recalled that of Camoens, for he expired in poverty on the See also:

• EVE

eve of the French invasion, while the See also:

• SINGER, SIMEON (1846-1906)

singer of the Lusiads just failed to see the occupation of Portugal by the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ALVA
• ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583)

Alva's See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . The gulf that divides the life and .achieve-meats of these two poets is accounted for, less by difference of talent and temperament than by their environment, and it gives an accurate measure of the decline of Portugal in the two centuries that See also:

• SEPARATE

separate 1580 from 1805 . To Beckford, Bocage was " a powerful See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius," and See also:

• LINK

Link was struck by his See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous expression, harmonious versification and the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of his See also:

• POETRY

poetry . He employed every variety of lyric and made his See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark in all .

His roundels are See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, his epigrams witty, his satires rigorous and searching, his odes often full of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, but his fame must See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest on his sonnets, which almost See also:

• RIVAL

rival those of Camoens in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of thought and See also:

• TENDER

tender See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy, though they lack the latter's scholarly refinement of phrasing . So dazzled were contemporary critics by his brilliant and inspired extemporizations that they ignored Bocage's licentiousness, and overlooked the slightness of his creative output and the artificial character of most of his poetry . In 1871 a monument was erected to the poet in the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief square of Setubal, and the See also:

• CENTENARY (from Lat. centenarius, of or belonging to a hundred, from centeni, distributive of centum, hundred)

centenary of his death was kept there with much circumstance in 1905 . The best See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of his collected See also:

• WORKS

works are those of I . F. da See also:

• SILVA, ANTONIO JOSE DA (1705–1739)

Silva, with a See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical and literary study by Rebello da Silva, in 6 vols . (Lisbon, 1853), and of Dr Theophilo See also:

• BRAGA

Braga, in 8 vols . (See also:

• OPORTO (i.e. o Porto, " the port ")

Oporto, 1875-1876) . See also I . F. da Silva Diccionario Bibliographico Portuguez, vol. vi. pp . 45-53, and vol. xvi. pp . 260-264; Dr T . Braga, Bocage, sua See also:

• VIDA, MARCO GIROLAMO (c. 1489-1566)

vida e epoca litteraria (Oporto, 1902) .

A striking portrait of Bocage by H . J. da Silva was engraved by See also:

• BARTOLOZZI, FRANCESCO (1725-1815)

Bartolozzi, who spent his last years in Lisbon . (E .