See also:

• BOETIUS (or BoETxlus), ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS (c. A.D. 480–524)

BOETIUS (or BoETxlus), ANICIUS See also:

• MANLIUS

MANLIUS See also:

• SEVERINUS

SEVERINUS (c. A.D. 480–524)  , See also:

• ROMAN

Roman philosopher and statesman, described by See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon as " the last of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans whom See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato or Tully could have acknowledged for their countryman." The historians of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day give us but imperfect records or make unsatisfactory allusions . Later chroniclers indulged in the fictitious and the marvellous, and it is almost exclusively from his own books that trustworthy See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information can be obtained . There is considerable diversity among authorities as to his name . One editor of his De Consolatione, Bertius, thinks that he See also:

• BORE

bore the praenomen of Flavius, but there is no authority for this supposition . His See also:

• FATHER

father was Flavius See also:

• MANLIUS

Manlius See also:

• BOETIUS (or BoETxlus), ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS (c. A.D. 480–524)

Boetius, and it is probable that the Flavius Boetius, the praetorian See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect who was put to See also:

• DEATH

death in A.D . 455 by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Valentinian III., was his grandfather, but these facts do not prove that he also had the praenomen of Flavius . Many of the earlier See also:

• EDITIONS

editions inserted the name of Torquatus, but it is not found in any of the best See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts . The last name is commonly written Boethius, from the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that it is connected with the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek (3o17Oos; but the best manuscripts agree in See also:

• READING

reading Boetius . His boyhood was spent in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome during the reign of See also:

• ODOACER, or ODOVACAR (c. 434-493)

Odoacer . We know nothing of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years . A passage in a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise falsely ascribed to him (De Disciplina Scholarium) and a misinterpretation of a passage in See also:

• CASSIODORUS (not Cassiodorius)

Cassiodorus led early scholars to suppose that he spent some eighteen years in See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens pursuing his studies, but there is no See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for this See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . His father, See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul in 487, seems to have died soon after; for Boetius states that, when he was bereaved of his See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent, men of the highest See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank took him under their See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge (De See also:

• CON

Con. See also:

• LIB

lib. ii. c .

3), especially the senator Q . Aur . See also:

• MEMMIUS, GAIUS (incorrectly called Gemellus, " The Twin ")

Memmius See also:

• SYMMACHUS

Symmachus, whose daughter Rusticiana he married . By her he had two sons, Anicius Manlius See also:

• SEVERINUS

Severinus Boetius and Q . Aurelius Memmius Symmachus . He became a favourite with See also:

• THEODORIC

Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, who ruled in Rome from 500, and was one of his intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . Boetius was consul in 510, and his sons, while still See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, held the same See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour together (522) . Boetius regarded it as the height of his See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune when he witnessed his two sons, consuls at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, convoyed from their See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home to the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house amid the See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm of the masses . On that day, he tells us, while his sons occupied the See also:

• CURULE (Lat. currus, " chariot ")

curule chairs in the senate-house, he himself had the honour of pronouncing a See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric on the monarch . But his good fortune did not last, and he attributes the calamities that came upon him to the See also:

• ILL

ill-will which his bold See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice had caused, and to his opposition to every oppressive measure . Of this he mentions particular cases . A See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine had begun to rage .

The prefect of the praeforium was determined to satisfy the soldiers, regardless altogether of the feelings of the provincials . He accordingly issued an See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict for a coemptio, that is, an order compelling the provincials to sell their See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, whether they would or not . This edict would have utterly ruined See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania . Boetius interfered . The See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case was brought before the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, and Boetius succeeded in averting the coemptio from the Companions . And he gives as a crowning instance that he exposed himself to the hatred of the informer Cyprianus by preventing the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of See also:

• ALBINUS (originally WEISS), BERNHARD SIEGFRIED (1697—1770)

Albinus, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of consular rank . He mentions in another See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place that when at See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona the king was anxious to See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer the See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation of See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason brought against Albinus to the whole senate, he defended the senate at See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• RISK

risk . In consequence of the ill-will that Boetius had thus roused, he was accused of treason towards the end of the reign of Theodoric . The charges were that he had conspired against the king, that he was anxious to maintain the integrity of the senate, and to restore Rome to See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, and that for this purpose he had written to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin . Justin had, no doubt, See also:

• SPECIAL

special reasons for wishing to see an end to the reign of Theodoric . Justin was orthodox, Theodoric was an Arian . The orthodox subjects of Theodoric were suspicious of their ruler; and many would gladly have joined in a See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot to displace him .

The knowledge of this fact may have rendered Theodoric suspicious . But Boetius denied the accusation in unequivocal terms . He did indeed wish the integrity of the senate . He would See also:

• FAIN, AGATHON JEAN FRANCOIS (1778–1837)

fain have desired liberty, but all See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of it was gone . The letters addressed by him to Justin were forgeries, and he had not been guilty of any See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy . Notwithstanding his innocence he was condemned and sent to See also:

• TICINUM (mod. Pavia, q.v.)

Ticinum (See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia) where he was thrown into See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison . It was during his confinement in this prison that he wrote his famous See also:

• WORK

work De Consolatione Philosophiae . His goods were confiscated, and after an imprisonment of considerable duration he was put to death in 524 . See also:

• PROCOPIUS

Procopius relates that Theodoric soon repented of his cruel See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed, and that his death, which took place soon after, was hastened by remorse for the See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime he had committed against his great counsellor . Two or three centuries after the death of Boetius writers began to view his death as a martyrdom . Several See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian books were ascribed to him, and there was one especially on the Trinity (see below) which was regarded as See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that he had taken an active See also:

• PART

part against. the See also:

• HERESY

heresy of Theodoric . It was therefore for his orthodoxy that Boetius was put to death .

And these writers delight to paint with minuteness the horrible tortures to which he was exposed and the marvellous actions which the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint performed at his death . He was locally regarded as a saint, but he was not canonized . The See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower in Pavia in which he was confined was, and still is, an See also:

• OBJECT

object of reverence to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Finally, in the See also:

• YEAR

year 996, See also:

• OTHO, MARCUS SALVIUS (32-69)

Otho III. ordered the bones of Boetius to be taken out of the place in which they had lain hid, and to be placed in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of S . Pietro in Ciel d'Oro within a splendid See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, for which See also:

• GERBERT, MARTIN (172o-1793)

Gerbert, afterwards See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• SILVESTER

Silvester II., wrote an inscription . Thence they were subsequently removed to a tomb beneath the high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral . It should be mentioned also that some have given him a decidedly Christian wife, of the name of Elpis, who wrote See also:

• HYMNS

hymns, two of which are still extant (See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel, Thes . Hymn. i. p . 156) . This is a pure supposition inconsistent with See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology, and based only on a misinterpretation of a passage in the De Consolatione . The contemporaries of Boetius regarded him as a man of profound learning . See also:

• PRISCIAN [PRISCIANUS CAESARIENSIS]

Priscian the grammarian speaks of him as having attained the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of honesty and of all sciences .

Cassiodorus, magister officiorum under Theodoric and the intimate acquaintance of the philosopher, employs See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language equally strong, and See also:

• ENNODIUS, MAGNUS FELIX (A.D. 474–521)

Ennodius, the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Pavia, knows no See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds for his admiration . Theodoric had a profound respect for his scientific abilities . He employed him in setting right the coinage . When he visited Rome with Gunibald, king of the Burgundians, he took him to Boetius, who showed them, amongst other See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical contrivances, a See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-See also:

• DIAL

dial and a See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• CLOCK

clock . The See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign monarch was astonished, and, at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of Theodoric, Boetius had to prepare others of a similar nature, which were sent as presents to Gunibald . The fame of Boetius increased after his death, and his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages was exceedingly powerful . His circumstances peculiarly favoured this influence . He appeared at a time when contempt for intellectual pursuits had begun to pervade society . In his early years he was seized with a passionate enthusiasm for Greek literature, and this continued through See also:

• LIFE

life . Even amidst the cares of the consulship he found time for commenting on the Categories of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle . The idea laid hold of him of reviving the spirit of his countrymen by imbuing them with the thoughts of the great Greek writers . He formed the See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution to translate all the See also:

• WORKS

works of Aristotle and all the dialogues of See also:

• PLATO

Plato, and to reconcile the See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of Plato with that of Aristotle .

He did not succeed in all that he designed; but he did a great part of his work . He translated into Latin Aristotle's Analytica Priora et Posteriora, the Topica, and Elenchi Sophistici; and he wrote commentaries on Aristotle's Categories, on his See also:

• BOOK

book 7repi Epµ gve(as, also a commentary on the Isagoge of Porphyrius . These works formed to a large extent the source from which the middle ages derived their knowledge of Aristotle . (See Stahr, Aristoteles bei den Romern, pp . 196-234.) Boetius wrote also a commentary on the Topica of See also:

• CICERO

Cicero; and he was also the author of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent works on See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic:—Introductio ad Categoricos Syllogismos, in one book; De Syllogismis Categoricis, in two books; De Syllogismis Hypotheticis, in two books; De Divisione, in one book; De Definitione, in one book; De Differentiis Topicis, in four books . We see from a statement of Cassiodorus that he furnished manuals for the quadrivium of the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of the middle ages (the "quattuor matheseos disciplinae," as Boetius calls them) on See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic, See also:

• MUSIC

music, See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry and See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy . The statement of Cassiodorus that he translated See also:

• NICOMACHUS

Nicomachus is rhetorical . Boetius himself tells us in his See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface addressed to his father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law Symmachus that he had taken liberties with the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of Nicomachus, that he had abridged the work when necessary, and that he had introduced formulae and diagrams of his own where he thought them useful for bringing out the meaning . His work on music also is not a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation from See also:

• PYTHAGORAS
• PYTHAGORAS (6th century B.C.)

Pythagoras, who See also:

• LEFT

left no See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing behind him . But Boetius belonged to the school of musical writers who based their See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science on the method of Pythagoras . They thought that it was not sufficient to See also:

• TRUST

trust to the See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear alone, to determine the principles of music, as did See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical musicians like See also:

• ARISTOXENUS

Aristoxenus, but that along with the ear, See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical experiments should be employed . The work of Boetius is in five books and is a very See also:

• COMPLETE

complete exposition of the subject .

It See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long remained a text-book of music in the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford and See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge . It is still very valuable as a help in ascertaining the principles of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient music, and gives us the opinions of some of the best ancient writers on the See also:

• ART

art . The manuscripts of the geometry of Boetius differ widely from each other . One editor, Godofredus Friedlein, thinks that there are only two manuscripts which can at all See also:

• LAY

lay claim to contain the work of Boetius . He published the Ars Gcometriae, in two books, as given in these manuscripts; but critics are generally inclined to doubt the genuineness even of these . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• RAND

Rand, Georgius See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

Ernst and A . P . McKinlay regard the Ars as certainly inauthentic, while they accept the Interpretatio Euclidis (see works quoted in bibliography) . By far the most important and most famous of the worksI17 of Boetius is his book De Consolatione Philosophiae . Gibbon justly describes it as " a See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• VOLUME

volume, not unworthy of the leisure of Plato or Tully, but which claims incomparable merit from the barbarism of the times and the situation of the author." The high reputation it had in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times is attested by the numerous See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations, commentaries and imitations of it which then appeared . Among others See also:

• ASSER, or ASSERIUS MENEVENSIS (d. c. 910)

Asser, the instructor of See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred the Great, and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• GROSSETESTE, ROBERT (c. 1175—1253)

Grosseteste, bishop of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, commented on it . Alfred translated it into Anglo-Saxon .

Versions of it appeared in See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Greek before the end of the s5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . See also:

• CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (? 1340-1400)

Chaucer translated it into See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• PROSE

prose before the year 1382; and this translation was published by See also:

• CAXTON, WILLIAM (c. 1422-1491)

Caxton at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, 1480 . See also:

• LYDGATE, JOHN (c. 1370–c. 1451)

Lydgate followed in the See also:

• WAKE (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " watch ")
• WAKE, THOMAS (1297-1349)
• WAKE, WILLIAM (1657-1737)

wake of Chaucer . It is said that, after the invention of See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing, amongst others See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth translated it, and that the work was well known to See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare . It was the basis of the earliest specimen of Provencal literature . This famous work consists of five books . Its See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form is See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar, and is an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of a similar work by See also:

• MARCIANUS (c. A.D. 400)

Marcianus See also:

• CAPELLA, MARTIANUS MINNEUS FELIX

Capella, De Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii . It is alternately in prose and See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse . The verse shows great facility of metrical See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, but a considerable portion of it is transferred from the tragedies of See also:

• SENECA

Seneca . The first book opens with a few verses, in which Boetius describes how his sorrows had brought him to a premature old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . As he is thus lamenting, a woman appears to him of dignified mien, whom he recognizes as his See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian, Philosophy . She, resolving to apply the remedy for his grief, questions him for that purpose .

She finds that he believes that See also:

• GOD

God rules the See also:

• WORLD

world, but does not know what he himself is; and this See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of self-knowledge is the cause of his weakness . In the second book Philosophy presents to Boetius Fortune, who is made to See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state to him the blessings he has enjoyed, and after that proceeds to discuss with him the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of blessings that fortune can bestow, which are shown to be unsatisfactory and uncertain . In the third book Philosophy promises to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead him to true happiness, which is to be found in God alone, for since God is the highest good, and the highest good is true happiness, God is true happiness . Nor can real evil exist, for since God is all-powerful, and since he does not wish evil, evil must be non-existent . In the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth book Boetius raises the question, Why, if the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the universe is good, do evils exist, and why is virtue often punished and See also:

• VICE

vice rewarded ? Philosophy proceeds to show that in fact vice is never unpunished nor virtue unrewarded . From this Philosophy passes into a discussion in regard to the nature of See also:

• PROVIDENCE

providence and See also:

• FATE

fate, and shows that every fortune is good . The fifth and last book takes up the question of man's See also:

• FREE

free will and God's foreknow-ledge, and, by an exposition of the nature of God, attempts to show that these doctrines are not subversive of each other; and the conclusion is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn that God remains a foreknowing spectator of all events, and the ever-See also:

• PRESENT

present eternity of his See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision agrees with the future quality of our actions, dispensing rewards to the good and punishments to the wicked . Several theological works have been ascribed to Boetius, as has been already mentioned . The Consolatio affords conclusive proof that the author was not a practical believer in See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . The book contains expressions such as daemones, See also:

• ANGELICA

angelica virtus, and purgatoria dementia, which have been thought to be derived from the Christian faith; but they are used in a See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen sense, and are explained sufficiently by the circumstance that Boetius was on intimate terms with Christians . The writer nowhere finds See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation in any Christian belief, and See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ is never named in the work .

It is not impossible, however, that Boetius may have been brought up a Christian, and that in his early years he may have written some Christian books . Peiper thinks that the first three See also:

• TREATISES

treatises are the productions of the early years of Boetius . The first, De Sancta Trinitate, is addressed to Symmachus (Domino Patri Symmacho), and the result of the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short discussion, which is of an abstract nature, and deals partly with the ten categories, is that unity is predicated absolutely, or, in regard to the substance of the Deity, trinity is predicated relatively . The second treatise is addressed to See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John the See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon (" Ad Joannem Diaconum "), and its subject is " Utrum See also:

• PATER, WALTER HORATIO (1839-1894)

Pater et Filius et Spiritus Sanctus de divinitate substantialiter praedicentur." This treatise is shorter than the first, occupying only two or three pages, and the conclusion of the See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument is the same . The third treatise bears the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, Quomodo substantiae in eo quod sint bonae sint cum non sint substantialia See also:

• BONA (BONE)
• BONA, JOHN (1609-1674)

bona . It contains nothing distinctly Christian, and it contains nothing of great value; therefore its authorship is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of little consequence . Yelper thinks that, as the best See also:

• MSS

MSS. uniformly assign these treatises to Boetius, they are to be regarded as his; that it is probable that Symmachus and John (who afterwards became Pope) were the men of highest distinction who took charge of him when he lost his father; and that these treatises are the first-fruits of his studies, which he dedicates to his guardians and benefactors . He thinks that the See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in the See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions of the fifth treatise. which is not found in the best See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, are so great that the name of Boetius could not have originally been in the title . The fourth book is also not found in the best manuscript, and two manuscripts have no inscription . He infers, from these facts, that there is no sure See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for the authorship of the fourth and fifth treatises . The fifth treatise is Contra Eutychen et Nestorium . Both See also:

• EUTYCHES (c. 380-c. 456)

Eutyches and See also:

• NESTORIUS (d. c. 451)

Nestorius are spoken of as living .

A See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council is mentioned, in which a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter was read, expounding the opinion of the Eutychians for the first time . The novelty of the opinion is also alluded to . All these circumstances point to the council of See also:

• CHALCEDON
• CHALCEDON, COUNCIL OF

Chalcedon (451) . The treatise was therefore written before the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of Boetius, if it be not a See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery; but there is no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to suppose that the treatise was not a genuine See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of the time to which it professes to belong . The fourth treatise, De Fide Catholica, does not contain any distinct See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological data; but the See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone and opinions of the treatise produce the impression that it probably belonged to the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period as the treatise against Eutyches and Nestorius . Several inscriptions ascribe both these treatises to Boetius . It will be seen from this statement that Peiper bases his conclusions on grounds far too narrow; and on the whole it is perhaps more probable that Boetius wrote none of the four Christian treatises, particularly as they are not ascribed to him by any of his contemporaries . Three of them See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express in the strongest language the orthodox faith of the church in opposition to the Arian heresy, and these three put in unmistakable language the procession of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Spirit from both Father and Son . The fourth argues for the orthodox belief of the two natures and one See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Christ . When the See also:

• DESIRE

desire arose that it should be believed that Boetius perished from his opposition to the heresy of Theodoric, it was natural to ascribe to him works which were in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with this supposed fact . The works may really have been written by one Boetius, a bishop of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, as Jourdain supposes, or by some Saint Severinus, as See also:

• NITZSCH, GREGOR WILHELM (179x-1861)
• NITZSCH, KARL IMMANUEL (1787-1868)

Nitzsch conjectures, and the similarity of name may have aided the transference of them to the heathen or neutral Boetius . Important and, if genuine, decisive evidence upon this point is afforded by a passage in the Anecdoton Holderi, a fragment contained in a loth-century MS .

(ed . H . Usener, See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1877) . The fragment gives an See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract from a previously unknown letter of Cassiodorus, the important words being " Scripsit (i.e . Boetius) librum de sancta trinitate, et capita quaedam dogmatica, et librum contra Nestorium." Nitzsch, however, held that this was a copyist's See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

gloss, harmonizing with the received Boetius See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, which had been transferred to the text, and did not consider that it outweighed the opposing See also:

• INTERNAL

internal evidence from De Cons . Phil .