See also:

• BOHEMIA1 (Ger. Batmen, Czech Cechy, Lat. Bohemia)

BOHEMIA1 (Ger. Batmen, See also:

• CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech)

Czech Cechy, See also:

• LAT

Lat. Bohemia)  , a See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom and crownland of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, bounded N.E. by Prussian See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia, S.E. by See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia and See also:

• LOWER

Lower Austria, S. by Upper Austria, S.W. by See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria and N.W. by See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony . It has an See also:

• AREA

area of 20,060 sq. m., or about two-thirds the See also:

• SIZE

size of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and forms the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . Situated in the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical centre of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, at about equal distance from all the European seas, enclosed by high mountains, and nevertheless easily accessible through Moravia from the Danubian See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and opened by the valley of the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe to the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German plain, Bohemia was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to See also:

• PLAY

play a leading See also:

• PART

part in the cultural development of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . It became See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of important See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical events, the See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

avenue and junction of the See also:

• MIGRATION

migration of peoples; and it forms the borderland between the German and See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic worlds . See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography.—Bohemia has the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of an irregular rhomb, of which the northernmost See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, Buchberg, just above Hainspach, is at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the farthest See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north in the whole Austro-Hungarian See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . From an orographic point of view, Bohemia constitutes amongst the Austrian provinces a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• MASSIF

massif, bordered on three sides by See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges: on the S.W. by the Bohmerwald or Bohemian See also:

• FOREST

Forest; on the N.W. by the See also:

• ERZGEBIRGE

Erzgebirge or Ore Mountains; and on the N.E. by the See also:

• RIESENGEBIRGE (Bohemian Krkonose)

Riesengebirge or See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

Giant Mountains and other ranges of the Sudetes . The Bohmerwald, which, like its parallel range, the 1 As a See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide to the See also:

• ENGLISH

English-speaking reader, the following notes on the See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation of Bohemian names are appended . The See also:

• CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech)

Czech (Cech) See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet is the same as the English, with the omission of the letters q, w and x . Certain letters, however, vary in pronunciation, and are distinguished by diacritical marks, a See also:

• DEVICE

device orginated by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HUSS (or Hus), JOHN (c. 1373-1415)

Huss . The vowels a, e, i, (y), o, u, are pronounced as in See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian; but e =Eng. ye in " yet," and u = Eng. oo . The consonants, b, d, f, k, 1, m, n, p, r, v, z, are as in English ; g = Eng.,g in " gone " ; s = Eng. initial s . But n = Span. it (in See also:

• CANON

canon) ; r=rsh; s=sh; z=zh (i.e. the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French j); k before d=g; v before k, p, s, t=f .

Of the other consonants c=Eng. ts; c=ch; ch== Germ. ch; j =Eng. y, but is not pronounced before d, m, s . Accents on vowels lengthen them ; on d and t they are softening marks . H is always pronounced in Czech . At the end of words and before k and t it =Germ. ch; in other places, as in bahno (morass) its pronunciation is somewhat softer . Sudetes, has a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general direction from S.E. to N.W., is divided by the pass of Neumark into two parts . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part (Czech Cesky See also:

• LES

Les) attains in the massif of Czerkov an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 3300 ft., but the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part (Czech Sumava) is at the same time the highest and the most picturesque part of the range, including on the Bohemian See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the Osser (4053 ft.) and the Plockenstein (4513 ft.), although the highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak, the See also:

• ARBER, EDWARD (1836– )

Arber (4872), is in Bavaria . The beauty of this range of mountains consists in its pure crystalline torrents, in the numerous See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue lakes of its valleys, and above all in the magnificent forests of See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak and See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine with which its sides are covered . The pass of Neumark, called also the pass of Neugedein, has always been the principal approach to Bohemia from See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . It stretches towards the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, above the small See also:

• TOWN

town of Taus (Czech Domazlice, once called Tuhost, i.e. the Fortress), and is the place where some of the bloodiest battles in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Bohemia were fought . Here in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Samo repulsed the invading hordes of the See also:

• AVARS

Avars, which threatened the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the newly-settled Slavonic inhabitants; here also Wratislas II. defeated the German See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. in a two-days' See also:

• BATTLE

battle (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 22 and 23, 1040) . It was in the same place that the See also:

• HUSSITES

Hussites gained in 1431 one of their greatest victories against a German See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of crusaders, and another similar German army was vanquished here by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George of See also:

• PODEBRAD, GEORGE OF (1420-1471)

Podebrad . The Erzgebirge (Czech Ruda Hari), which form the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west frontier, have an See also:

• AVERAGE

average altitude of 2600 ft., and as their highest point, the Keilberg (4080 ft.) .

The numerous See also:

• MINING

mining villages, the See also:

• GREAT

great number of cultivated areas and the easy passes, traversed by See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good roads, give those mountains in many places the aspect of a hilly undulating plain . Several of the villages are built very near the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the mountains, and one of them, Gottesgab (pop. about 1500 ), lies at an altitude of 3345 ft., the highest place in Bohemia and central Germany . To the west the Erzgebirge combine through the Elstergebirge with the See also:

• FICHTELGEBIRGE

Fichtelgebirge, which in their turn are See also:

• UNITED

united with the Bohmerwald through the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of Waldsassen . To the east the Erzgebirge are separated from the Elbsandsteingebirge by the Nollendorf pass, traversed by the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient military route to Saxony; it was the route followed by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I. after the battle of See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden (1813) . To the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south stretches the " See also:

• THERMOPYLAE (Gr. OepµSs, hot, and 1rf)X,

Thermopylae of Bohemia," the scene of the battle of See also:

• KULM (Cu1,M)

Kulm and Arbesau . A little farther to the east the Elbe escapes into Saxony at the lowest point in Bohemia (alt . 367 ft.) . The north-east frontier is formed by the Sudetes, which comprise the Lausitzergebirge (2500 ft.), the Isergebirge (with the highest peak, the Tafelfichte, 3683 ft.), the Jeschkengebirge (3322 ft.), and the Riesengebirge . The Riesengebirge (Czech Kroknose) are, after the See also:

• ALPS

Alps, among the highest mountains of central Europe, and attain in the See also:

• SCHNEEKOPPE

Schneekoppe an altitude of 5264 ft . The last See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of the Sudetes in Bohemia are the Heuscheuergebirge (2532 ft.) and the Adlergebirge (3664 ft.) . The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth side of the rhomb is formed by the so-called Bohemian-Moravian Hills, a plateau or broad See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills, composed of See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive rocks, and attaining in some places an altitude of 2500 ft . The interior of Bohemia has sometimes been compared to a deep See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin; but for the most part it is an undulating plateau, over l000 ft. high, formed by a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of terraces, which gradually slope down from south to north .

Its lowest-lying points are not in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle but in the north, in the valley of the Elbe, and the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country can be divided into two parts by a See also:

• LINE

line passing through Hohenmauth–See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague–See also:

• KOMOTAU (Czech, Chomiitov)

Komotau . The part lying to the south of this line can be designated as highland, and only the part north of it as See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland . The mountain-ranges of the interior of Bohemia are the Brdywald (2798 ft.) in the middle; the Tepler Gebirge (2657 ft.), the Karsbader Gebirge (3057 ft.) and the Kaiserwald (3238 ft.), in the north-west part; while the northern corner is occupied by the Mittelgebirge (2739 ft.), a volcanic massif, stretching on both sides of the Elbe . Bohemia belongs to the See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed of the Elbe, which rises within the territory and receives on the right the Iser and the Polzen, and on the See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• ADLER, FELIX (r851- )

Adler; the See also:

• EGER (Czech, Cheb)
• EGER (Ger. Erlau, Med. Lat. Agria)
• EGER, AQIBA (1761–1837)

Eger with its affluent the Tepl; the Biela and the Moldau . But the principal See also:

• RIVER

river of Bohemia, from every point of view, is the Moldau (Czech Vltava), not the Elbe . A glance at the hydrographic structure of Bohemia, which is of such a striking regularity, shows us that the Moldau is the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem, while the Elbe and the other See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are only lateral branches; moreover, the Elbe below Melnik, the point of its confluence with the Moldau, follows the general direction of the Moldau . Besides, the Moldau is the principal commercial artery of the country, being navigable below See also:

• BUDWEIS (Czech Budejovice)

Budweis, while the Upper-Elbe is not navigable; its basin (11,8go sq. m.) is twice as great as that of the Elbe, and its width and See also:

• DEPTH

depth are also greater . It has a length of 270 m., 47 M. longer than the Upper-Elbe, but it runs through a deep and narrow valley, in which there is neither road nor railway, extending from above Budweis to about 15 M. south of Prague . The Moldau receives on the right the Luzniza and the Sazawa and on the left the Wottawa and the See also:

• BERAUN (Czech Beroun)

Beraun . The Beraun is formed by the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the Mies with the Radbusa, See also:

• ANGEL

Angel and Uslawa, and is the third most important river of the country . There are only a few lakes, which are mostly found at high altitudes . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—Bohemia has a See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental, generally healthy climate, which varies much in different parts of the country .

It is mildest in the centre, where, e.g. at Prague, the mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is 48.5° F . The rainfall varies also according to the districts, the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season being the summer . Thus the mean annual rainfall in the interior of Bohemia is 18 in., in the Riesengebirge 40 in., while in the Bohmerwald it reaches 6o to 70 in . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—Favoured with a suitable climate and inhabited by a thriving rural See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, Bohemia is very highly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of agriculture . Over 50% of the whole area is under cultivation and the See also:

• SOIL

soil is in many parts very fertile, the best-known regions being the " See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Road " See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• KONIGGRATZ (Czech, Hradec Kralove)

Koniggratz, the " See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise " round See also:

• TEPLITZ (Czech, Teplice)

Teplitz, and the " See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden of Bohemia " round See also:

• LEITMERITZ (Czech, Litomer`ice)

Leitmeritz . The principal products are oats, See also:

• RYE

rye, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley and See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, but since the competition of Hungarian wheat large tracts of See also:

• LAND

land have been converted to the cultivation of beetroot . The See also:

• POTATO
• POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)

potato See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop, which forms the See also:

• STAPLE

staple See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, is great; the See also:

• SAAZ (Czech lake)

Saaz See also:

• DISTRICT

district is celebrated for hops, and the See also:

• FLAX

flax is also of a good quality . See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

Fruit, especially plums, is very abundant and constitutes a great See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of export . The forests See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover 29.01 % of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area; meadows, 10.05, pastures 5.05, and gardens 1.35% . See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle-rearing is not so well developed as agriculture, but great flocks of geese are reared, especially in the south, and See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee-cultivation constitutes another important See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . See also:

• PISCICULTURE (from Lat. piscis, fish)

Pisciculture has been for centuries successfully pursued by the Bohemian peasants, and the attempts recently made for the rearing of silkworms have met with See also:

• FAIR

fair success . Minerals.—Except See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, which is entirely absent, almost every useful See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal and See also:

• MINERAL

mineral is to be found .

First in importance, both in quantity and in value, come See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite and See also:

• COAL

coal . Some of the richest lignite See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields in Europe are found in the north-east corner of Bohemia round Brux, See also:

• DUX (Czech Duchcov)

Dux, Falkenau, Ossegg and Teplitz . Coal is See also:

• MINED

mined round See also:

• KLADNO

Kladno, Buschtehrad, See also:

• PILSEN (Czech, Plzen)

Pilsen, See also:

• SCHLAN (Czech, Slang)

Schlan, Rakonitz, Niirschan and Radnitz, the last-named place containing the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest coal mines of Bohemia (17th century) . See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron ores are found at Krusnahora and Nucic, and the principal foundries are round Kladno and Konigshof . Owing to the improvements in refining, Bohemia has become an important centre of the iron industry . See also:

• SILVER

Silver is extracted at Pfibram and Joachimsthal, but the silver mines near See also:

• KUTTENBERG (Czech, Kutnd Hora)

Kuttenberg, famous in the middle ages, are now abandoned . See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

Lead is extracted at Pfibram, See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin at Graupen in the Erzgebirge, the only place in Austria where this metal is found . See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

Antimony is extracted at Milleschau near See also:

• TABOR

Tabor; See also:

• URANIUM [symbol U, atomic weight 238.5 (0=16)]

uranium and See also:

• RADIUM (from Lat. radius, ray)

radium near Joachimsthal; See also:

• GRAPHITE

graphite near See also:

• KRUMAU (in Czech, Krumlov)

Krumau and Budweis; See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain-See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth near See also:

• CARLSBAD

Carlsbad . Other minerals found in various places of Bohemia are See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur, See also:

• COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

cobalt, See also:

• ALUM

alum, See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel, See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic and various sorts of See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, like the Bohemian See also:

• GARNET
• GARNET, or GARNETT, HENRY (1555—1606)

garnet (See also:

• PYROPE (pronounced pirop)

pyrope), and See also:

• BUILDING

building stone . A large amount of See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat is collected, especially in the south-west of Bohemia, as well as a great quantity of See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt . Bohemia possesses over two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred mineral springs, but only a few are used for medicinal purposes . Among them are HISTORY] some of the most celebrated mineral springs in the See also:

• WORLD

world, such as Carlsbad, See also:

• MARIENBAD

Marienbad, See also:

• FRANZENSBAD

Franzensbad, Teplitz-Schonau and See also:

• BILIN (Czech Bilina)

Bilin .

Other springs of importance are Pullna, Sedlitz and Seidschitz near Brux; Giesshubl near Carlsbad; Liebwerda, Konigswart, Sangerberg, Neudorf, See also:

• TETSCHEN

Tetschen, Johannisbad, situated at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Schneekoppe, &c . Manufactures and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—From an See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial point of view, Bohemia takes the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank amongst the Austrian provinces, and at the same time is one of the greatest manufacturing centres of Europe . See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

Rich as the country is in coal and iron, and in See also:

• WATER

water supplies which can be transformed into See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, the inhabitants were not slow to utilize these advantages, so that the industry of Bohemia made enormous strides during the last half of the 19th century . The See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass industry was introduced from See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice in the 13th century and soon attained a vast importance; the factories are in the neighbourhood of the mountains, where minerals, and especially See also:

• SILICA

silica and See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, are plentiful . The finest product, the crystal-glass, is made round See also:

• HAIDA

Haida and Steinschonau . The very extensive porcelain industry is concentrated in and around Carlsbad . The textile industry stands in the front rank and is mostly concentrated in the north-east corner of Bohemia, round See also:

• REICHENBERG (Czech, Liberec)

Reichenberg, and in the valley of the Lower Elbe . The See also:

• CLOTH

cloth manufacture is located at Reichenberg; Rumburg and See also:

• TRAUTENAU (Czech Trutnov)

Trautenau are the centre of the See also:

• LINEN

linen industry; woollen yarns are made at See also:

• AUSSIG (Czech Ousti ned Labem)

Aussig and Asch . See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

Lace, which is pursued as a See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home-industry in the Erzgebirge region, has its principal centre at Weipert, while Strakonitz has the speciality of the manufacture of red fezes (See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish caps) . The metallurgic See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, favoured by the abundance of coal and iron, are concentrated round the mines . Industrial and agricultural machinery are manufactured at Reichenberg, Pilsen and Prague, and at the last-named place is also to be found a great See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment for the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of railway See also:

• ROLLING

rolling-stock . See also:

• SUGAR

Sugar refining is another industry, which, although of See also:

• RECENT

recent date, has had a very great development, and the breweries produce a See also:

• BEER

beer which is appreciated all over the world .

Other important branches of industry are:—the manufacture of chemicals at Prague and Aussig; pencils at Budweis; musical See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments at See also:

• GRASLITZ (Czech, Kraslice)

Graslitz and Schonbach; See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing and See also:

• CALICO

calico-See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing . See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

Hand-in-hand with the industrial activity of the country goes its commercial development, which is stimulated by an extensive railway See also:

• SYSTEM

system, good roads and navigable rivers . The centre of the railway system, which had in 1898 a length of some 3500 m., or 30% of the total length of the Austrian See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, is Prague; and through the Elbe Bohemia has easy See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea for its export See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—Bohemia had in 1900 a population of 6,318,280, which corresponds to 315 inhabitants per square mile . As regards See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, it occupies the second place amongst the Austrian provinces, coming after See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia, and as regards See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of population it stands third, Silesia and Lower Austria, which contains See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, See also:

• STANDING

standing higher . In 1800 the population was a little over 3,000,000 . According to See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality, about 35% are Germans and 65% Czechs . The Czechs occupy the middle of the country, as well as its south and south-east region, while the Germans are concentrated near its See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders, especially in the north and west, and are also found all over the country in the large towns . Besides, there are numerous German-speaking ehclaves situated in purely Czech districts; on the other hand, the Czechs have shown a tendency to invade the purely German mining and manufacturing districts . Not-withstanding its rich natural resources and its great industrial development, Bohemia sends out a steady flow of emigrants, who either See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle in the other provinces of the monarchy, in Germany and in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, or See also:

• CROSS

cross the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic to See also:

• AMERICA

America . To the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church belong 96% of the total population; Bohemia is divided into the archbishopric of Prague, and the three bishoprics of Budweis, Koniggratz and Leitmeritz . See also:

• EDUCATION

Education is well advanced, and Bohemia has the lowest proportion of illiterates amongst the Austrian provinces .

At the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the educational establishments stand the two See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities at Prague, one German and the other Czech . I23 Bohemia sends 130 deputies to the Reichsrat at Vienna; the See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• DIET

diet, to which belong ex officio the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop, the three bishops, and the two rectors of the universities, consists of 242 members . For administrative purposes Bohemia is divided into ninety-four districts and two autonomous municipalities, Prague (pop . 204,478), the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, and Reichenberg (34,204) . Other important towns are Pilsen (68,292), Budweis (39,360), Aussig (37,255), Schonau (24,110), Eger (23,665), See also:

• WARNSDORF

Warnsdorf (21,150), Brux (21,525), See also:

• GABLONZ (Czech, Jablonec)

Gablonz (21,086), Asch (18,675), Kladno (18,600), See also:

• PARDUBITZ (Czech, Pardubic)

Pardubitz (17,029), Saaz (16,168), Komotau (15,925), Kohn (15,025), Kuttenberg (14,799), Trautenau (14,777), Carlsbad (14,640), See also:

• PRIBRAM

Pribram (13,576), Jungbunzlau (13,479), Leitmeritz (13,075), See also:

• CHRUDIM

Chrudim (13,017), Dux (11,921), B,odenbach (10,782), Tabor (10,692), Bohmisch-Leipa (10,674), See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

Rum-See also:

• BURG

burg (10,382), Weipert (10,037) . See F . Umlauft, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die See also:

• LANDER, RICHARD LEMON (1804–1834)

Lander Osterreich-Ungarns in Wort and Bild, (15 vols., Vienna, 1881–1889), vol. vii.; Mikowec, Alterturner and Denkwurdigkeiten Bohmen's (2 vols., Prague, 1859–1865) ; F . Rivnae', Reisehandbuch See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur das Konigreich Bohmen (Prague, 1882), very useful for its numerous and detailed historical notes . (O . BR.) HISTORY The country derives its name from the See also:

• BOII (perhaps = " the terrible ")

Boii, a See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic tribe which in the earliest historical See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period inhabited part of the land . According to very ancient traditions accepted by the See also:

• MODERN

modern historians of Bohemia, the Boii, whose capital was called Boiohemum, were weakened by continual warfare with neighbouring tribes, and finally subdued by the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic tribe of the See also:

• MARCOMANNI (i.e. men of the mark, or border)

Marcomanni (about 12 B.c.) . The Marcomanni were afterwards expelled by other Teutonic tribes, and eventually Bohemia was conquered by Slavic tribes, of whom the Cechs (see Czxcn) were the most important .

The date of the arrival of the Cechs in Bohemia is very uncertain, and the scanty references to the country in classical and See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine writers are rather misleading than otherwise . Recent archaeological slay See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research has proved the existence of Slavic inhabitants in Bohemia as far back as the beginning of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era . The Cechs appear to have become the masters of the country in the 5th century . The first of their rulers mentioned in history is Samo, who is stated to have defeated the Avars, a Turanian tribe which had for a time obtained the overlordship over Bohemia . Samo also defeated the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks in a great battle that took place at Wogatisburg (630), probably near the site of the See also:

• PRESENT

present town of Eger . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Samo the history of Bohemia again becomes absolutely obscure for about 130 years . The next events that are recorded by the oldest chroniclers, such as See also:

• COSMAS

Cosmas, refer to the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of a Bohemian principality by Krok (or See also:

• CROCUS

Crocus) and his daughter Libussa . The latter is said to have married Pfemysl, a See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant who was found ploughing his See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field—a See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend that is See also:

• COMMON

common in most Slavic countries . Beginning with this semi-mythic ruler, the ancient chroniclers have constructed a continuous See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of Pfemyslide princes . Neither the deeds attributed to these princes nor the See also:

• DATES

dates of their reigns can be considered as historical . From the time of the introduction of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity into Bohemia the history of the country becomes less obscure . The first attempts to introduce Christianity undoubtedly came from Germany .

They met with little success, as Chris- tianity . innate distrust of the Germans naturally rendered the Bohemians unfavourable to a creed which reached them from the See also:

• REALM

realm of their western neighbours . Matters were different when Christianity approached them from Moravia, where its See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine had been taught by See also:

• CYRILLUS

Cyrillus and See also:

• METHODIUS (c. 825-885)

Methodius—See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek monks from Thessalonica . About the See also:

• YEAR

year 873 the Bohemian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince Bofivoj was baptized by Methodius, and the .Bohemians now rapidly adopted the Christian faith . Of the rulers of Bohemia the most famous at this period was Wenceslas, surnamed the See also:

• HOLY

Holy, who in 935 was murdered by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Boleslav, and who was afterwards canonized by the Church of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . As Wenceslas had been an ally of Germany, his See also:

• MURDER

murder resulted in a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with that country, in which, as far as we can See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge by the scanty records of the time . Wences-Ias . Boleslav, the brother and successor of Wenceslas, was on the whole successful . During the reigns of Boleslav and his son, Boleslay . Boleslav II., Bohemia extended its frontiers in several directions . Boleslav II. indeed established his See also:

• RULE

rule not only over Bohemia and Moravia, but also over a large part of Silesia, and over that part of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland which is now the Austrian province of Galicia . Like most Slavic states at this and even a later period, the great Bohemian empire of Boleslav II. did not endure See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long .

Boleslav III., son of Boleslav II., lost all his See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign possessions to Boleslav the Great, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Poland . During his reign Bohemia was involved in See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• CIVIL

civil war, caused by the dissensions between Boleslav III. and his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers Jaromir and Ulrick . Though the prince succeeded in expelling his brothers from the country, his See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty induced the Bohemians to dethrone him and to choose as their ruler the See also:

• POLISH

Polish prince Vladlvol Vladivoj, brother of Boleslav the Great, and son of the Bohemian princess Dubravka (Dobrawa) . Vladivoj attempted to strengthen his hold over Bohemia by securing the aid of Germany . He consented not only to continue to pay the See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute which the Germans had already obtained from several previous rulers of Bohemia, but also to become a See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal of the German empire and to receive the German See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke . This See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state continued when after the death of Vladivoj- the Pfemyslide See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty was restored . ThePfemyslidegrin ceBfetislav Bietis/avL I . (1037—1055) restored the former power of Bohemia, and again added Moravia, Silesia and a considerable part of Poland to the Bohemian dominions . To obviate the incessant struggles which had endangered the land at every vacancy of the See also:

• THRONE

throne, Bfetislav, with the consent of the nobles, decreed that the oldest member of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Pfemysl should be the ruler of Bohemia . Bfetislav was therefore succeeded first by his eldest son Spitihnev, and then by his second son Vratislay . In 1o88 Vratislav obtained the title of king from the emperor Henry IV., whom he had assisted in the struggle with the papal see which is known as the contest about investitures . Vratislav Though the title of king was only conferred on Vratislav becomes "king.,. personally, the German king, See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad III., conferred on the Bohemian prince Sobesla.v (1125—1140) the title of hereditary cupbearer of the Empire, thus granting a certain See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of the emperors to Bohemia, which hitherto had only obligations towards the Empire but no part in its See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government .

In