See also:

• BOKHARA (Bokhara-i-Sherif)
• BOKHARA, or BUKHARA (the common central Asian pronunciation is Bukhara)

BOKHARA, or BUKHARA (the See also:

• COMMON

common central Asian See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation is Bukhara)  , a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of central See also:

• ASIA

Asia, under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . It lies on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• OXUS

Oxus, between 370 and 410 N., and between 62° and 72° E., and is bounded by the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian governments of Syr-darya, See also:

• SAMARKAND

Samarkand and See also:

• FERGHANA, or FERGANA

Ferghana on the N., the See also:

• PAMIRS

Pamirs on the E., See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan on the S., and the Transcaspian territory and See also:

• KHIVA

Khiva on the W . Its See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern frontier on the Pamirs is undetermined except where it touches the Russian dominions . Including the khanates of See also:

• KARATEGHIN

Karateghin and Darvaz the See also:

• AREA

area is about 85,000 sq. m . The western portion of the state is a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain watered by the Zarafshan and by countless See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation canals See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from it . It has in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east the Karnap-chul See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe, covered with grass in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early summer, and in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north an intrusion of the Kara-See also:

• KUM

kum See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand See also:

• DESERT

desert . See also:

• LAND

Land suitable for cultivation is found only in oases, where it is watered by irrigation canals, but these oases are very fertile . The middle portion of the state is occupied by high plateaus, about 4000 ft. in See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude, sloping from the Tian-shan, and intersected by numerous See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, flowing towards the Oxus . This region, very fertile in the valleys and enjoying a cooler and damper See also:

• CLIMATE

climate than the See also:

• LOWER

lower plains, is densely populated, and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-breeding are carried on extensively . Here are the towns of See also:

• KARSHI

Karshi, Kitab, Shaar, Chirakchi and Guzar or Huzar . The See also:

• HISSAR

Hissar range, a westward continuation of the Alai Mountains, separates the Zarafshan from the tributaries of the Oxus—the Surkhan, Kafirnihan and Vakhsh . Its length is about 200 m., and its passes, r000 to 3000 ft. below the surrounding peaks, reach altitudes of 12,000 to 14,000 ft. and are extremely difficult .

See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

Numbers of rivers See also:

• PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804—1869)

pierce or flow in See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges between its spurs . Its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• FOOT

foot-hills, covered with See also:

• LOESS (Ger. Loss)

loess, make the fertile valleys of Hissar and the Vakhsh . The climate is so dry, and the rains are so scarce, that an See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of forests and Alpinemeadows is characteristic of the See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge; but when heavy See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain falls simultaneously with the melting of the snows in the mountains, the watercourses become filled with furious torrents, which create See also:

• GREAT

great havoc . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main glaciers (12) are on the north slope, but none creeps below ro,000 to 12,000 ft . The See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the Great range, or Periokh-tau, in Karateghin, south of the valley, of the Vakhsh, runs See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west-south-west to east-north-east for about 130 m., and is higher than the Hissar range . From the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian of Garm or Harm it rises above the snowline, attaining at least 18,000 ft. in the Sary-kaudal See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak, and 20,000 ft. farther east where it joins the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-clad Darvaz range, and where the See also:

• GROUP

group See also:

• SANDAL (from the Latinized form of Gr. vavb4Atov or vav&aAov: this probably represents the Persian sandal, slipper; it is not to be referred to Gr. stasis, board)

Sandal, adorned with several glaciers, rises to 24,000 or 25,000 ft . Only three passes, very difficult, are known across it . Darvaz, a small See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal state of See also:

• BOKHARA (Bokhara-i-Sherif)
• BOKHARA, or BUKHARA (the common central Asian pronunciation is Bukhara)

Bokhara, is situated on the Panj, where it makes its See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp See also:

• BEND

bend westwards, and is emphatic-ally a mountainous region, agriculture being possible only in the lower parts of the valleys . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, about 35,000, consists chiefly of Moslem Tajiks, and the closely-related See also:

• GALCHAS

Galchas, and its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town is Kala-i-khumb on the Panj, at an altitude of 4370 ft . The chief See also:

• RIVER

river of Bokhara is the Oxus or Amu-darya, which separates it from Afghanistan on the south, and then flows along its south-west border . It is navigated from the mouth of the Surkhan, and steamboats ply on it up to Karki near the Afghan frontier . The next largest river, the Zarafshan, 66o m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, the See also:

• WATER

water of which is largely utilized for irrigation, is lost in the sands 20 M. before reaching the Oxus .

The Kashka-darya, which flows westwards out of the glaciers of Hazret-See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan (west of the Hissar range), supplies the Shahri-sabs (properly Shaarsabiz) See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis with water, but is lost in the desert to the west of Karshi . The climate of Bokhara is extreme . In the lowlands a very hot summer is followed by a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short but See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, during which a See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost of -20° Fahr. may set in, and the Oxus may freeze for a fortnight . In the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands this hot and dry summer is followed by four months of winter; and, finally, in the regions above 8000 ft. there is a great development of snowfields and glaciers, the passes are buried under know, and the short summer is See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy . The lowlands are sometimes visited by terrible sand-storms from the west, which exhaust men and kill the See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton trees . See also:

• MALARIA

Malaria is widely prevalent, and in some years, after a wet See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, assumes a See also:

• MALIGNANT (Lat. malignus, evil-disposed, from maligenus)

malignant See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The population is estimated at 1,250,000 . The dominant See also:

• RACE

race is the Uzbegs, who are fanatical Moslem See also:

• SUNNITES

Sunnites, scorn See also:

• WORK

work, despise their Iranian subjects, and maintain their old See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division into tribes or clans . The See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad Turkomans and the nomad See also:

• KIRGHIZ

Kirghiz are also of See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish origin; while the Sarts, who constitute the bulk of the population in the towns, are a mixture of See also:

• TURKS

Turks with Iranians . The great bulk of the population in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is composed of Iranian Tajiks, who differ but very little from Sarts . Besides these there are Afghans, Persians, See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, See also:

• ARABS

Arabs and Armenians . Much of the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is in the hands of a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus from See also:

• SHIKARPUR

Shikarpur .

Nearly 20 % of the population are nomads and about 15 % semi-nomads . On the irrigated lowlands See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and other cereals are cultivated, and exported to the highlands . Cotton is widely grown and exported . See also:

• SILK

Silk is largely produced, and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• FLAX

flax, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp and fruits are cultivated . Cattle-breeding is vigorously prosecuted in Hissar and the highlands generally . Cotton, silks, woollen See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, and See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt are manufactured, also boots, saddles, See also:

• CUTLERY (Fr. coutellerie, from the Lat. cultellus, a little knife)

cutlery and weapons, pottery and various See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils . See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt, as also some See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, and small quantities of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold are extracted . Trade has been greatly promoted by the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the Transcaspian railway across the country (from Charjui on the Oxus to Kati-See also:

• KURGAN

kurgan) in 1886-1888 . The exports to Russia consist of raw cotton and silk, See also:

• LAMB (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Lamm)
• LAMB, CHARLES (1775–1834)

lamb-skins, fruits and carpets, and the imports of manufactured goods and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar . The imports from See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India are cottons, See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea, shawls and See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo . There are very few roads; goods are transported on camels, or on horses and donkeys in the hilly tracts . Bokhara has for ages been looked upon as the centre of Mussulman erudition in central Asia .

About one-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth of the population is said to be able to read and write . The See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools are numerous in the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, as well as in the other cities, and even exist in villages, and madrasas or theological seminaries for higher courses of study are comparatively plentiful . The mullahs or priests enjoy very great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, but the See also:

• PEOPLE

people are very superstitious, believing in See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft, omens, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits and the evil See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye . See also:

• WOMEN

Women occupy a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low position in the social See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, though See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery has been abolished at the instance of Russia . The emir of Bokhara is an autocratic ruler, his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power being limited only by the traditional See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom (sheriat) of the Mussulmans . He maintains an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of some 11,000 men, but is subject to Russian See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, being in fact a vassal of that See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Bokhara was known to the ancients under the name of See also:

• SOGDIANA (Sugdiane, O. Pers. Sughuda)

Sogdiana . It was too far removed to the east ever to be brought under the dominion of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, but it has shared deeply in all the various and bloody revolutions of Asia . The See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the capital is ascribed to Efrasiab, the great See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero . After the conquests of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the Great Sogdiana formed See also:

• PART

part of the empire of the Seleucidae, and shared the fortunes of the rather better-known See also:

• BACTRIA (Bactriana)

Bactria . Somewhat later the nomad Yue-chi began to move into the valley of the Oxus from the east, and gradually became a settled territorial power in Bactria and Sogdiana, and the dominions of their See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, Kadphises I . (who is believed to have come to the See also:

• THRONE

throne about A.D .

45), extended from Bokhara to the See also:

• INDUS

Indus . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district, however, was re-conquered by See also:

• PERSIA

Persia under the See also:

• SASSANIAN

Sassanian See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, and we hear of Nestorian Christians at Samarkand, at any See also:

• RATE

rate in the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . See also:

• ISLAM

Islam was introduced shortly after the Arab See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Persia (640-642) and speedily became the dominant faith . In the early centuries of See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• RULE

rule Sogdiana was one of the most celebrated and flourishing districts of central Asia . It was called Sughd, and contained the two great cities of Samarkand and Bokhara, of which the former was generally the seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, while the latter had a high reputation as a seat of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and learning . During the early middle ages this region was also known as Ma wara '1 Nahr or Ma-See also:

• VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

vera-un-nahr, the meaning of which is given in the alternative classical See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Transoxiana . Malik Shah, third of the Seljuk dynasty of Persia, passed the Oxus about the end of the rrth century, and subdued the whole country watered by that river and the Jaxartes . In 1216 Bokhara was again subdued by Mahommed Shah Khwarizm, but his conquest was wrested from him by Jenghiz See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan in 1220 . The country was wasted by the fury of this See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage conqueror, but recovered something of its former prosperity under Ogdai Khan, his son, whose disposition was humane and benevolent . His posterity kept See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession till 1369, when Timur or Tamerlane See also:

• BORE

bore down everything before him, and established his capital at Samarkand, which with Bokhara regained for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time its former splendour . Babar, the fifth in descent from Timur, was originally See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Ferghana, but conquered Samarkand and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern India, where he founded the See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul (Mughal) empire, His descendants ruled in the country until about 1500, when it was overrun by the Uzbeg See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars, under Abulkhair or Ebulkheir Khan, the founder of the Shaibani dynasty, with which the history of Bokhara properly commences . The most remarkable representative of this See also:

• FAMILY

family was Abdullah Khan (1556-1598), who greatly extended the limits of his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom by the conquest of Badakshan_ See also:

• HERAT

Herat and Meshhed, and increased its prosperity by the public See also:

• WORKS

works which he authorized .

Before the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the century, however, the dynasty was See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, and Bokhara was at once desolated by a Kirghiz invasion and distracted by a disputed See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . At length, in 1598, Bald Mehemet Khan, of the See also:

• ASTRAKHAN

Astrakhan See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Timur family, mounted the throne, and thus introduced the dynasty of the Ashtarkhanides . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal event of his reign was the defeat he inflicted on Shah Abbas of Persia in the neighbourhood of See also:

• BALKH

Balkh . His See also:

• BROTHER

brother Vali Mehemet, who succeeded in 1605: soon alienated his subjects, and was supplanted by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Imamkuli . After a highly prosperous reign this prince resigned in favour of his brother, Nazr Mehemet, under whom the country was greatly troubled by the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion of his sons, who continued to See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with eachother after their See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• DEATH

death . Meanwhile the district of Khiva, previously subject to Bokhara, was made an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent khanate by Abdul-Gazi Bahadur Khan; and in the reign of Subhankuli, who ascended the throne in 1680, the See also:

• POLITICAL

political power of Bokhara was still further lessened, though it continued to enjoy the unbounded respect of the Sunnite Mahommedans . Subhankuli died in 1702, and a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of succession See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out between his two sons, who were supported by the rivalry of two Uzbeg tribes . After five years the contest terminated in favour of Obeidullah, who was little better than a puppet in the hands of Rehim Bi Atalik, his See also:

• VIZIER

vizier . The invasion of See also:

• NADIR (Arabic nadir, " opposite to," used elliptically for nadir-es-semt, "opposite to the zenith ")

Nadir Shah of Persia came to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the degradation of the land; and in 1740 the feeble king, See also:

• ABU

Abu 'l-Faiz, paid See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to the conqueror, and was soon after murdered and supplanted by his vizier . The time of the Ashtarkhanides had been for the most part a time of See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution and decay; fanaticism and imbecility went See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in hand . On its fall (1785) the throne was seized by the Manghit family in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Mir Ma'sum, who pretended to the most extravagant sanctity, and proved by his military career that he had no small amount of ability . He turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the encroachments of the Afghans, and in 1781 reconquered the greater part of what had been lost to the south of the Oxus .

Dying in 1802 he was succeeded by Said, who in bigotry and fanaticism was a true son of his father . In 1826 Nasrullah mounted the throne, and began with the See also:

• MURDER

murder of his brother a reign of continued oppression and See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty . Meanwhile Bokhara became an See also:

• OBJECT

object of rivalry to Russia and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and envoys were sent by both nations to cultivate the favour of the emir, who treated the Russians with arrogance and the See also:

• ENGLISH

English with contempt . Two emissaries of the See also:

• BRITISH

British government, See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel C . Stoddart and See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain A . See also:

• CONOLLY, JOHN (1794-1866)

Conolly, were thrown by Nasrullah into See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison, where they were put to death in 1842 . In 1862-1864 See also:

• ARMINIUS
• ARMINIUS, JACOBUS (1560-1609)

Arminius See also:

• VAMBERY, ARMIN (1832– )

Vambery made in the disguise of a See also:

• DERVISH

dervish a memorable See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey through this fanatical state . At this time the Russian armies weie gradually advancing, and at last they appeared in See also:

• KHOKAND

Khokand; but the new emir, Mozaffer-eddin, instead of attempting to expiate the insults of his predecessor, sent a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General M . G . Chernayev summoning him to evacuate the country, and threatening to raise all the faithful against him . In 1866 the Russians invaded the territory of Bokhara proper, and a decisive See also:

• BATTLE

battle was fought on the loth of May at Irdjar on the See also:

• LEFT

left bank of the Jaxartes . The Bokharians were defeated; but after a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of reluctant See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace they forced the emir to renew the war .

In 1868 the Russians entered Samarkand (May 14), and the emir was constrained to submit to the terms of the conqueror, becoming henceforward only a Russian puppet . See Khanikov's Bokhara, translated by De See also:

• BODE, JOHANN ELERT (1747–1826)

Bode (1845) ; Vambery, Travels in Central Asia (1864), Sketches of Central Asia (1868), and History of Bukhara (1873) ; See also:

• FEDCHENKO, ALEXIS PAVLOVICH (1844-1873)

Fedchenko's " See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch of the Zarafshan Valley " in Journ . R . Geogr . See also:

• SOC

Soc . (1870) ; Hellwald, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Russen in Central Asien (1873); Lipsky, Upper Bukhara, in Russian (1902); Skrine and See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross, The See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

Heart of Asia (1899) ; See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Ronaldshay, utskirts of Empire in Asia (1904) ; and Le See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

Strange, The Lands of the Eastern See also:

• CALIPHATE

Caliphate (1905) . (P . A . K.; C .