See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

SIMON See also:

• BOLIVAR
• SIMON BOLIVAR (1783-1830)

BOLIVAR (1783-1830)  , the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• CARACAS

Caracas, See also:

• VENEZUELA

Venezuela, on the 24th of See also:

• JULY

July 1783 . His See also:

• FATHER

father was Juan See also:

• VICENTE, GIL (147o-1540)

Vicente See also:

• BOLIVAR
• BOLIVAR, SIMON (1783-1830)

Bolivar y See also:

• PONTE (Ital. for " bridge ")

Ponte, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother Maria See also:

• CONCEPCION
• CONCEPCION, or VILLA CONCEPCION

Concepcion Palacios y Sojo, both descended from See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families in Venezuela . Bolivar was sent to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe to prosecute his studies, and resided at See also:

• MADRID

Madrid for several years . Having completed his See also:

• EDUCATION

education, he spent some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in travelling, chiefly in the south of Europe, and visited See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he was an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of some of the last scenes of the Revolution . Returning to Madrid, he married, in 18o1, the daughter of See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don N . See also:

• TORO

Toro, See also:

• UNCLE

uncle of the See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis of Toro in Caracas, and embarked with her for Venezuela, intending, it is said, to devote himself to the improvement of his large See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate . But the premature See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young wife, who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell a victim to yellow See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, drove him again to Europe . Returning See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in 1809 he passed through the See also:

• UNITED

United States, where, for the first time, he had an opportunity of observing the working of See also:

• FREE

free institutions; and soon after his arrival in Venezuela he appears to have identified himself with the cause of independence which had already agitated the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish colonies for some years . Being one of the promoters of the insurrection at Caracas in See also:

• APRIL

April 181o, he received a See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel's See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission from the revolutionary See also:

• JUNTA (from juntar, to join)

junta, and was associated with See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• LOPEZ, CARLOS ANTONIO (1790-1862)

Lopez Mendez in a See also:

• MISSION

mission to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . Venezuela declared its independence on the 5th of July 1811, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war commenced in See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest by the advance of See also:

• MONTEVERDE, CLAUDIO (1567-1643)

Monteverde with the Spanish troops . Bolivar was entrusted with the command of the import-See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant See also:

• POST

post of Puerto Cabello, but not being supported he had to evacuate the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place; and owing to the inaction of See also:

• MIRANDA, FRANCESCO (c. 1754-1816)

Miranda the Spaniards recovered their hold over the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Like others of the revolutionists Bolivar took to See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, and succeeded in reaching See also:

• CURACAO, or CURACOA

Curacao in safety .

He did not, however, remain See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long in retirement, but in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1812, See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing of important movements in New See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada, repaired to See also:

• CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA

Cartagena, where he received a commission to operate against the Spanish troops on the Magdalena See also:

• RIVER

river . In this expedition he proved eminently successful, See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving the Spaniards from post to post, until arriving at the confines of Venezuela he boldly determined to enter that See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province and try conclusions with See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Monteverde himself . His troops did not number more than 500 men; but, in spite of many discouragements, he forced his way to See also:

• MERIDA
• MERIDA (anc. Augusta Emerita, capital of Lusitania)

Merida and Truxillo, towns of some importance in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of Venezuela, and succeeded in raising the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population to his support . Forming his increased forces into two divisions, he committed the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of one to his colleague Rivas, and pushing on for Caracas the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, issued his See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of " war to the death." A decisive See also:

• BATTLE

battle ensued at Lastoguanes, where the Spanish troops under Monteverde sustained a crushing defeat . Caracas was entered in See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph on the 4th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1813, and Monteverde took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in Puerto Cabello . General See also:

• MARINO

Marino effected the liberation of the eastern See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Venezuela, and the patriots obtained entire See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the country in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1814 . This success was, however, of very brief duration . The royalists, effectually roused by the reverses they had sustained, concentrated all their means, and a number of sanguinary encounters ensued . Bolivar was eventually defeated by Boves near Cura, in the plains of La Puerta, and compelled to embark for See also:

• CUMANA

Cumana with the shattered remains of his forces . Caracas was retaken by the Spaniards in July; and before the end of the year 1814 the royalists were again the undisputed masters of Venezuela . From Cumana Bolivar repaired to Cartagena, and thence to Tunja, where the revolutionary See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of New Granada was sitting . Here, notwithstanding his misfortunes and the efforts of his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal enemies, the was received and treated with great See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration .

The congress appointed him to conduct an expedition against See also:

• SANTA

Santa Fe de See also:

• BOGOTA, or SANTA FE DE BOGOTA

Bogota, where Don See also:

• CUNDINAMARCA

Cundinamarca had refused to acknowledge the new See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition of the provinces . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1814 he appeared before Bogota with a force of 2000 men, and obliged the recalcitrant leaders to capitulate,—a service for which he received the thanks of congress . In the meanwhile Santa Martha had fallen into the hands of the royalists, and Bolivar was ordered to the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the place . In this, however, he was not successful, General Morillo having landed an overwhelming Spanish force . Hopeless of the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt he resigned his commission and embarked for See also:

• KINGSTON
• KINGSTON, ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF (1720-1788)
• KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES (1814-188o)

Kingston, See also:

• JAMAICA

Jamaica, in May 1814 . While residing there an attempt was made upon his See also:

• LIFE

life by a hired See also:

• ASSASSIN (properly Hashish n, from Hashish, the opiate made from the juice of hemp leaves)

assassin, who, in See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake, murdered his secretary . From Kingston Bolivar went to Aux Cayes in See also:

• HAITI [HAITI, HAYTI, SAN DOMINGO, Or HISPANIOLA]

Haiti, where he was furnished with a small force by See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President Petion . An expedition was organized, and landed on the mainland in May 1816, but proved a failure . Nothing daunted, however, he obtained reinforcements at Aux Cayes, and in December landed first in See also:

• MARGARITA

Margarita, and then at See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona . Here a provisional See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was formed, and troops were assembled to resist Morillo, who was then advancing at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a strong See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . The hostile forces encountered each other on the 16th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1817, when a desperate conflict ensued, which lasted during that and the two following days,and ended in the defeat of the royalists . Morillo retired in disorder, and being met on his See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat by J .

A . See also:

• PAEZ, JOSE ANTONIO (1790-1873)
• PAEZ, P
• PAEZ, PEDRO (1564-1622)

Paez with his llaneros, suffered an additional and more See also:

• COMPLETE

complete overthrow . Being now recognized as See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief,Bolivar proceeded in his career of victory, and before the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the year had fixed his headquarters at Angostura on the See also:

• ORINOCO

Orinoco . At the opening of the congress which assembled in that city on the 15th February 1819 he submitted an elaborate exposition of his views on government, and concluded by surrendering his authority into the hands of congress . Being, however, required to resume his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and retain it until the independence of the country had been completely established, he reorganized his troops, and set out from Angostura, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• CROSS

cross the Cordilleras, effect a junction with General See also:

• SANTANDER
• SANTANDER (ancient Portus Blendium or Fanum S. Andreae)

Santander, who commanded the republican force in New Granada, and bring their united forces into See also:

• ACTION

action against the See also:

• COMMON

common enemy . This bold and See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design was crowned with complete success . In July 1819 he entered Tunja, after a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp action on the adjoining heights; and on the 7th of August he gained the victory of See also:

• BOYACA

Boyaca, which gave him immediate possession of Bogota and all New Granada . His return to Angostura was a sort of See also:

• NATIONAL

national festival . He was hailed as the deliverer and father of his country, and all manner of distinctions and congratulations were heaped upon him . Availing himself, of the favourable moment, he obtained the enactment of the fundamental See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the 17th of December 1819, by which the republics of Venezuela and New Granada were henceforth to be united in a single See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, under his See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency, by the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic of See also:

• COLOMBIA

Colombia . The seat of government was also transferred provisionally to See also:

• ROSARIO

Rosario de Cucuta, on the frontier of the two provinces, and Bolivar again took the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . Being now at the head of the most numerous and best appointed See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army the republicans had yet assembled, he gained important advantages over the Spaniards under Morillo, and on the 25th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1820 concluded at Truxillo an See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice of six months, probably in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that the Spaniards would come to terms, and that the further effusion of See also:

• BLOOD

blood might be spared .

If such were his views, however, they were disappointed . Morillo was recalled, and General Torre assumed the command . The armistice was allowed to expire, and a renewal of the contest became inevitable . Bolivar therefore resolved, if possible, to strike a decisive See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow; and this accordingly he did at See also:

• CARABOBO

Carabobo, where, encountering Torre, he so completely routed the Spaniards that the shattered remains of their army were forced to take refuge in Puerto Cabello, where two years after they surrendered to Paez . The battle of Carabobo may be considered as having put an end to the war in Venezuela . On the 29th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1821 Bolivar entered Caracas, and by the close of the year the Spaniards were driven from every See also:

• PART

part of the province except Puerto Cabello . The next step was to secure, by permanent See also:

• POLITICAL

political institutions, the independence which had been so dearly See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased; and, accordingly, on the 3oth of August 1821 the constitution of Colombia was adopted with general approbation, Bolivar himself being president, and Santander See also:

• VICE

vice-president . There was, however, more See also:

• WORK

work for him to do . The Spaniards, though expelled from Colombia, still held possession of the neighbouring provinces of See also:

• ECUADOR (officially La Republica del Ecuador)

Ecuador and See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru; and Bolivar determined to complete the liberation of the whole country . Placing him-self at the head of the army, he marched on See also:

• QUITO

Quito in Ecuador . A severe battle was fought at Pichincha, where, by the prowess of his colleague See also:

• SUCRE, or CHUQUISACA

Sucre, the Spaniards were routed, and Quito was entered by the republicans in June 1822 . Bolivar then marched upon See also:

• LIMA

Lima, which the royalists evacuated at his approach; and entering the capital in triumph, he was invested with See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute power as See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator, and authorized to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call into action all the resources of the country .

Owing, however, to the intrigues of the republican factions in Peru he was forced to withdraw to Truxillo, leaving the capital to the See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy of the Spaniards under Canterac, by whom it was immediately occupied . But this misfortune proved only temporary . By June 1824 the liberating army was completely organized; and taking the field soon after, it routed the vanguard of the enemy . Improving his See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage, Bolivar pressed forward, and on the 6th of August defeated Canterac on the plains of See also:

• JUNIN

Junin, after which he returned to Lima, leaving Sucre to follow the royalists in 165 their retreat to Upper Peru—an exploit which the latter executed with equal'ability and success, gaining a decisive victory at See also:

• AYACUCHO

Ayacucho, and thus completing the See also:

• DISPERSION
• DISPERSION (from Lat. dispergere, to scatter)

dispersion of the Spanish force . The possessions of the Spaniards in Peru were now confined to the castles of See also:

• CALLAO

Callao, which Rodil maintained for upwards of a year, in spite of all the means that could be employed for their reduction . In June 1825 Bolivar visited Upper Peru, which, having detached itself from the government of Buenos Aires, was formed into a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate state, called See also:

• BOLIVIA

Bolivia, in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the liberator . The first congress of the new republic assembled in August 1825, when Bolivar was declared perpetual See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector, and requested to prepare for it a constitution of government . His care was now directed to the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the affairs of the freed provinces . His endeavours to satisfy his country-men in this respect did not always meet with encouragement, and sometimes exposed him to See also:

• SLANDER

slander . In December 1824 Bolivar convoked a constituent congress for the February following; but this See also:

• BODY

body, taking into consideration the unsettled state of the country, thought it proper to invest him with dictatorial power for another year . His project of a constitution for Bolivia was presented to the congress of that state on the 25th of May 1826, accompanied with an address, in which he embodied his opinions respecting the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of government which he conceived most expedient for the newly established republics . This See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code, how-ever, did not give See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction .

Its most extraordinary feature consisted in the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for lodging the executive authority in the hands of a president for life, without responsibility and with power to nominate his successor, a proposal which alarmed the See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, and excited lively apprehensions amongst the republicans of Buenos Aires and See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile; whilst in Peru, Bolivar was accused of a design to unite into one state Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, and to render himself perpetual dictator of the confederay . In the meanwhile the affairs of Colombia had taken a turn which demanded the presence of Bolivar in his own country . During his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence Santander had administered the government of the state ably and uprightly, and its independence had been recognized by other countries . But Paez, who commanded in Venezuela, having been accused of arbitrary conduct in the enrolment of the citizens of Caracas in the See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia, refused obedience to the See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, and placed himself in a state of open See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion against the government, being encouraged by a disaffected party in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern departments who desired separation from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the republic Accordingly, having entrusted the government to a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council nominated by himself, with Santa Cruz at its head, Bolivar set out from Lima in September 1826, and hastening to Bogota, arrived there on the 14th of November . He immediately assumed the extraordinary See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers which by the constitution the president was authorized to exercise in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of rebellion . After a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stay in the capital he pressed forward to stop the effusion of blood in Venezuela, where matters had gone much farther than he could have contemplated . On the 31st of December he reached Puerto Cabello, and the following See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day he issued a decree offering a general See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty . He had then a friendly See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting with Paez and soon after entered Caracas, where he fixed his headquarters, in order to check the northern departments, which had been the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre of the disturbances . In the meanwhile Bolivar and Santander were re-elected to the respective offices of president and vice-president, and by law they should have qualified as such in January 1827 . In February, however,Bolivar formally resigned the presidency of the republic,at the same time expressing a determination to refute the imputations of ambition which had been so freely See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast upon him, by retiring into private life, and spending the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his days on his patrimonial estate . Santander combated this proposal, urging him to resume his station as constitutional president, and declaring his own conviction that the troubles and agitations of the country could only be appeased by the authority and personal See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the liberator himself . This view being confirmed by a See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution of congress, although it was not a unanimous one, Bolivar decided to resume his functions, and he repaired to Bogota to take the oaths .

Before his arrival, however, he issued simultaneously three separate decrees—one granting a general amnesty, another convoking a national See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention at Ocana, and a third for establishing constitutional order throughout Colombia . His arrival was accelerated by the occurrence of events in Peru and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern departments which struck at the very See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of his power . Not long after his departure from Lima, the Bolivian code had been adopted as the constitution of Peru, and Bolivar had been declared president for life on the 9th of December 1826, the anniversary of the battle of Ayacucho . At this time the Colombian See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary army was cantoned in Peru, and the third division, stationed at Lima, consisting of See also:

• VETERAN

veteran troops under See also:

• LARA

Lara and Sands, became distrustful of Bolivar's designs on the freedom of the republic . Accordingly, in about six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks after the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of Bolivar's new constitution, a See also:

• COUNTER

counter-revolution in the government of Peru was effected by this body of dissatisfied veterans, and the Peruvians, availing themselves of the opportunity, abjured the Bolivian code, de-posed the council appointed by the liberator, and proceeded to organize a provisional government for themselves . After this bloodless revolution the third division embarked at Callao on the 17th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1827, and landed in the southern See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Colombia in the following See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . Intelligence of these events reached Bolivar while in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Colombia, and he lost no time in preparing to march against the refractory troops, who formerly had placed such implicit confidence in him . But he was spared the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of coming to blows, for the leaders, finding the government in the hands of the national executive, had peaceably submitted to General Ovando . In the meanwhile Bolivar had accepted the presidency, and resumed the functions belonging to his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official position . But although Colombia was, to all See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, restored to tranquillity, the nation was divided into two parties . Bolivar had, no doubtj regained the personal confidence of the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers and soldiers of the third division; but the republican party, with Santander at their head, continued to regard with undisguised See also:

• APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension his ascendancy over the army, suspecting him of a See also:

• DESIRE

desire to imitate the career of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . In the meanwhile all parties looked anxiously to the convention of Ocana, which was to assemble in March 1828, for a decided expression of the national will .

The republicans hoped that the issue of its deliberations would be favourable to their views; whilst the military, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, did not conceal their conviction that a stronger and more permanent form of government was essential to the public welfare . The latter view seems to have prevailed . In virtue of a decree, dated Bogota, the 27th of August 1828, Bolivar assumed the supreme power in Colombia, and continued to exercise it until his death, which took place at See also:

• SAN

San Pedro, near Santa Marta, on the 17th of December 183o . Bolivar spent nine-tenths of a splendid patrimony in the service of his country; and although he had for a considerable See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period unlimited See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over the revenues of three countries—Colombia, Peru and Bolivia—he died without a See also:

• SHILLING

shilling of public See also:

• MONEY

money in his possession . He achieved the independence of three states, and called forth a new spirit in the southern portion of the New See also:

• WORLD

World . He purified the administration of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice; he encouraged the arts and sciences; he fostered national interests, and he induced other countries to recognize that independence which was in a great measure the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of his own exertions . His remains were removed in 1842 to Caracas, where a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument was erected to his memory; a statue was put up in Bogota in 1846; in 1858 the Peruvians followed the example by erecting an equestrian statue of the liberator in Lima; and in 1884 a statue was erected in Central See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . Twenty-two volumes of official documents bearing on Bolivar's career were officially published at Caracas in 1826-1833 . There are lives by Larrazabal (New York, 1866) ; Rojas (Madrid, 1883) ; and Ducoudray-See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein (Paris, 1831) . Two volumes of his See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence were published in New York in 1866 .