BOLIVIA  , an inland See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America, once a See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• ROYALTY (0. Fr. realte, reialte, royaulte, from Med. Lat. regalitas, the substantive of regalis, of or belonging to a king, rex)

royalty of See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru and known as the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Charcas, or Upper Peru . It is the third largest See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, and extends, approximately, from 90 44' to 22° 50' S. See also:

• LAT

lat., and from 58° to 7o° W. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . It is bounded N. and E. by See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, S. by See also:

• PARAGUAY

Paraguay and See also:

• ARGENTINA

Argentina, and W. by See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile and Peru . Estimates of See also:

• AREA

area vary widely and have been considerably confused by repeated losses of territory in boundary disputes with neighbouring states, and no figures can be given which may not be changed to some extent by further revisions . See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

Official estimates are 640,226 and 703,633 sq. m., but Supan (See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Bevolkerung der Erde, 1904) places it at 515,156 sq. m . Boundaries.—The boundary See also:

• LINE

line between Bolivia and Brazil has its origin in the limits between the Spanish and Portuguese colonies determined by the See also:

• TREATIES

treaties of See also:

• MADRID

Madrid and See also:

• SAN

San Ildefonso (175o and 1797), which were modified by the treaties of 1867 and 1903 . Beginning at the outlet of See also:

• BAHIA

Bahia Negra into the Paraguay See also:

• RIVER

river, lat . 28° o8' 35" S., the line ascends the latter to a point on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• BANK

bank 9 kilometres below Fort See also:

• COIMBRA

Coimbra, thence inland 4 kilometres to a point in lat . 19 45' 36" S. and long . 58° 04' 12.7" W., whence it follows an irregular course N. and E. of N. to Lakes Mandiore, Gaiba or Gahiba, and Uberaba, then up the San Matias river and N. along the Sierra See also:

• RICARDO, DAVID (1772-1823)

Ricardo Franco to the headwaters of the Rio Verde, a tributary of the Guapore . This part of the boundary was turned inland from the Paraguay to include, within Brazilian See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction, Fort Coimbra, See also:

• CORUMBA

Corumba and other settlements on the west bank, and was modified in 1903 by the recession of about 1158 sq. m. to Bolivia to provide better commercial facilities on the Paraguay . The line follows the Verde, Guapore, See also:

• MAMORE

Mamore and See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers down to the mouth of the Abuna, in about lat .

9° 44' S., as determined by the treaty of 1903 . This is a part of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original colonial frontier, which extended down the Madeira to a point midway between the Beni and the See also:

• AMAZON

Amazon, and then ran due W. to the Javary . The treaty of 1867 changed this starting-point to the mouth of the Beni, in lat . 1o° 2o' S., and designated a straight line to the source of the Javary as the frontier, which gave to Brazil a large area of territory; but when the valuable See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber forests of the upper Purils became known the Brazilians invaded them and demanded another modification of the boundary line . This was finally settled in 1903 by the treaty of See also:

• PETROPOLIS

Petropolis, which provided that the line should ascend the Abuna river to lat . 10° 2o' S., thence along that parallel W. to the Rapirran river which is followed to its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal source, thence due W. to the Ituxy river which is followed W. to its source, thence to the 72 A 68° B 64 C 6o D PuertoAcre' o- {~ ac ' A re Territory Raprrran orren BOLIVIA 4 . ''s teza Madeira Fa/ PO aptrr- =, • - iila•Bella apid enw f q Ortan • R ppP 1 See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre • 'See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida I See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles 1 or Awn', 9 'R ° . :.°~ ,; • a oo zoo goo V- . - '"~"_~ }kiberalta.~ ' 5o r •-\V\l`, ~ _ I . V"""`.-ve . ..:, ibertad\` See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

Capital of See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

Country `\ r Capitals of Depar-ments o •:S.See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel 03 . e.• See also:

• RAILWAYS

Railways .s»44 ....

•Mte S. ua tz- ~( J# a,dr See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

Rosa Roguag'aado / &two., [ g R .2 Exaltacion g 4 , C . S / Z~c 14 r o r /ten.z a0µ L 1 an o M L.Rogagua e o, n ° ono 2 e2 °1 Carmo Q \• a cl °La to de r c i See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

Hare . •...r + p o e J}~ r . - los Rios • ncion t f`- m' y aa °rLi r t < cion 1, t6 yf' a.s °, ier P M '')F a See also:

• MOW

mow. d~ a ~, ~,y d4, ~A r J r 9 m ,,,o y-.'Yf , L / {,l ua oO)os .lr a M u himba vr"°' ~-- .' . 3~ .. ,, Mollend~ y At u-a v r or: $ n Z 1• / q'y JJ ~' - ry C COC ~ P [ach elo I \H:I i ' "~' Ldyr be r^'~ See also:

• SANTA

Santa c 4 E6r7j Oh i . I ,f . ~J hi.ror . R See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba .Ad~~4j 'See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

ode 'Sierra _ 3 z u gfl~~n1'', ! m d Cer Mandior a o~-: t, it roypy ;/ a, s s h ,r•" I°Clam s de C h l q u-) o Gf -~, Is a • . aP,:, ada ,JN .1, < ano 'See also:

• VAAL

Vaal Pue~rto`,bb .1C?Urundaltr ~See also:

• ATE

Ate.M1 oO soar` -_ -rr hh ra ~~ a ~)1>a$l s osd - F v r~ d ~, .~•aa ~i Es no ! L d^tare' . Corw ba ~~ e'n dgds Seva yyl7~ A~ ~._ ad ) 9 / d S tiag m(JC S M ra ~ puru a c Cuan ~ t ao 17 4€.T nua c See also:

• PARA
• PARA (officially BELEM; sometimes BELEM DO PARA)

Para ~piti— 8.. dab .

N gr •. oimbra zo° a . ('^ I -, tr- .. ..P rpa SaNna t aca fl ~,~ Puerto See also:

• PACHECO, FRANCISCO (1571-1654)

Pacheco ~~,( 4 UY4m S fa a~ ~„ , 2y acuarandi 1 3 u q u 1 S a .~ S N a. r~See also:

• J1(P)
• J1(Z)

j1 r,~f7 't i ~j 0 a a N\ a a• if I Nacasoniza a'r \ ct ia4u ~'i"a'YR/OGdbd- . `~ .. o al . L Gr • `; . Lagunase•) . f, v f { t,Q~, ,~., 0 ... lei ,,.,.n a j o . 4 a k- ;00 o o, Sa taFe• ( . g' a a~ ) a ti I Llanos de Manzo \ T Bor ,,„,, d 6r ,{ rq w ca is~y "}}U.SS Ot p 4 Qu1 ' . 4 cull5\,~4 n~qJ raQ 9/~ f r Ebb%' • ~ , c kY• Iln( !' y <<;c nca P A R A G U A Y T r = <~ t i'~ ,o T N A 4, . 7z° A 68 B See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

Longitude W, 64° of See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich C 6o° D mery source of Bahia See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek which is followed to the Acre or Aquiry river, thence up the latter to its source, whence if See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the 69th See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian it runs See also:

• DIRECT

direct to the rrth parallel which will See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the boundary line to the Peruvian frontier .

This frontier gave about 6o,000 sq. m. of territory to Brazil, for which the latter gave an See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity of £2,000,000 and about 1158 sq. m. of territory on the Matto Grosso frontier . The boundary with Paraguay is unsettled, but an unratified treaty of the 23rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1894 provides that the line shall start from a point on the Paraguay river 3 m. See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Fort Olimpo and run south-west in a straight line to an intersection with the Pilcomayo in long . 61° 28' W., where it unites with the See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine boundary . The boundary with Chile was greatly modified by the results of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1879-83, as determined by the treaties of 1884, 1886 and 1895, Bolivia losing her See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the littoral on the Pacific and all See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast except by the See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of the conqueror . Provisions were made in 1895 for the cession of the See also:

• PORT

port of Mejillones del Norte and a right of way across the province of See also:

• TARAPACA

Tarapaca, but Peru protested, and negotiations followed for the cession of See also:

• COBIJA, or PUERTO LA MAR (the official title given to it by the Bolivian government)

Cobija, in the province of See also:

• ANTOFAGASTA

Antofagasta . These negotiations proved fruitless, and in 1904 Bolivia accepted a pecuniary indemnity in lieu of territory . The new boundary line starts from the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the Sapaleri (or Zapalegui), where the Argentine, Bolivian and Chilean boundaries converge, and runs west to Licancaur, thence north to the most See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern source of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Ascotan which it follows to and across this lake in the direction of the Oyahua See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano, and thence in a straight line to the Tua volcano, on the frontier of the province of Tarapaca . From this point the line follows the summits of the See also:

• CORDILLERA

Cordillera Silillica north to the Cerro Paquiza, on the See also:

• TACNA

Tacna frontier, and to the Nevado Pomarape, near the frontier of Peru . Thence it continues north to an intersection with the Desaguadero, in about 16° 45' S. lat., follows that river to the Winamarca See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon and Lake Titicaca, and crosses the latter diagonally to Huaicho on the north See also:

• SHORE

shore . From this point the line crosses the Cordillera Real through the valley of the San Juan del Oro to Suches Lake, follows the Cololo and Apolobamba ranges to the headwaters of the Sina river, and thence down that stream to the Inambari . Thence the line either follows the latter to its confluence with the Madre de Dios, or the See also:

• WATER

water-parting between that river and the Tambopata or Pando, to the valley of the Madre de Dios, from which point it runs elite north to 120 40' S. lat., and north-west to the new Brazilian frontier . The N.W. See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle on the See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map represents the Bolivian claim until the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of 1909, which gave the territory to Peru .

Physiography.—Roughly calculated, two-fifths of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area of Bolivia is comprised within the Andean cordilleras which See also:

• CROSS

cross its south-west corner and project east toward the Brazilian high-lands in the form of a See also:

• GREAT

great obtuse angle . The cordilleras, divided into two great parallel chains, with flanking ranges and spurs to the east, reach their greatest breadth at this point and form the See also:

• MASSIF

massif of the Andean See also:

• SYSTEM

system . It is made up of a number of parallel ranges enclosing great elevated plateaus broken by transverse ranges and deep ravines . North-east of Lake Titicaca there is a confused See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass or See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot (the Nudo de Apolobamba) of lofty intersecting ridges which include some of the highest peaks in South America . Below this mountainous area the ranges open out and enclose extensive plateaus . The western range, the Cordillera Occidental, a part of the boundary between Bolivia and the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern provinces of Chile, closely follows the coast outline and forms the western rampart of the great Bolivian tableland or alta-planicie, which extends from the Vilcanota knot in Peru, south to the Serrania de I.ipez on the Argentine frontier, is 500 M. long, and about 8o m. broad, and contains about 40,000 sq. m . The northern part of this See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau is commonly called the See also:

• PUMA

puma; the southern part, the " See also:

• DESERT

desert of Lipez," in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance is part of the great Puna de See also:

• ATACAMA
• ATACAMA, DESERT OF

Atacama . This plateau has an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of about 12,650 ft. near Lake Titicaca, but descends about r000 ft. toward its southern extremity . It is a great lacustrine See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin where once existed an inland See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea having an outlet to the east through the La Paz See also:

• GORGE

gorge . The plateau is See also:

• BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak and inhospitable in the north, barren and arid toward the south, containing great saline depressions covered with water in the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, and broken by ridges and peaks, the highest being the Cerro de Tahua, 17,454 ft . Overlooking the plateau from the west are the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-clad peaks of Pomarape (20,505 ft.), Parinacota (20,918 ft.), Sajama (21,047), Huallatiri (21,654), Lirima (19,128), and the three volcanic peaks, Oyahua (19,226), San Pedro y Pablo (19,423) and Licancaur (19,685) . The eastern rampart of this great plateau is formed by the Cordillera See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental, which ex-tends north-west into Peru under the name of Carabaya, and south to the frontier in broken ranges, one of which trends south-east in the vicinity of See also:

• SUCRE, or CHUQUISACA

Sucre .

The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main part of this great range, known as the Cordillera Real, and one of the most imposing See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain masses of the See also:

• WORLD

world, extends from the Peruvian border south-east to the 18th parallel and exhibits a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of snow-crowned peaks, notably the triple-crested Illampu or . Sorata (21,490 ft.), Illimani (See also:

• CONWAY (Conwy, or Aberconwy)
• CONWAY, HENRY SEYMOUR (1721-1795)
• CONWAY, HUGH
• CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL (1832–1907)
• CONWAY, SIR WILLIAM MARTIN (1856– )

Conway, 21,204), Cacaaca (20,571) and Chachacomani (21,434) . Of the ranges extending south from the Cordillera Real and branching out between the 18th and 19th See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels, the more prominent are the Frailes which forms the eastern rampart of the great central plateau and which is celebrated for its See also:

• MINERAL

mineral deposits, the Chichas which runs south from the vicinity of See also:

• POTOSI

Potosi to the Argentine frontier, and the Livichuco which turns south-east and forms the See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed between the Cachimayo and Pilcomayo . The more prominent peaks in and between these ranges are the Asanaque (16,857), Michaga (17,389), See also:

• CUZCO

Cuzco (17,930), Potosi (15,381), Chorolque (18,48o) and Tuluma (15,584) . At the southern extremity of the great plateau is the transverse Serrania de Lipez, the culminating See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of which stands 16,404 ft. above sea-level . The eastern rampart of the Bolivian See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands comprises two distinct chains—the Sierra de See also:

• COCHABAMBA

Cochabamba on the north-east and the Sierra de See also:

• MISIONES

Misiones on the east . Between these and the Cordillera Oriental is an apparently confused mass of broken, intersecting ranges, which on closer examination are found to conform more or less closely to the two outside ranges . These have been deeply cut by rivers, especially on the north-east, where the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-fall is heavier . The region enclosed by these ranges is extremely rugged in character, but it is esteemed highly for its fertile valleys and its See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, and is called the " Bolivian Switzer-See also:

• LAND

land." Lying wholly within the tropics, these mountain masses form one of the most interesting as well' as one of the most imposing and difficult regions of the world . At their feet and in their See also:

• LOWER

lower valleys the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is intense and the vegetation is tropical . Above these are cool, temperate slopes and valleys, and high above these, bleak, See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-swept passes and snowclad peaks . West of the Cordillera Oriental, where See also:

• SPECIAL

special conditions prevail, a great desert plateau stretches entirely across one corner of the republic .

Apart from the Andean system there is a See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, broken, See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss ranges stretching along the east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Bolivia among the upper affiuents of the Mamore and Guapore, which appear to belong to the older Brazilian orographic system, from which they have been separated by the erosive See also:

• ACTION

action of water . They are known as the Sierras de See also:

• CHIQUITOS (Span. " very small ")

Chiquitos, and are geologically interesting because of their proximity to the eastern See also:

• PROJECTION

projection of the See also:

• ANDES

Andes . Their culminating point is Cerro Cochii, 3894 ft. above sea-level, but for the most part they are but little more than ranges of low wooded hills, having in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general a north-west and south-east direction between the 15th and 19th parallels . The popular conception of Bolivia is that of an extremely rugged mountainous country, although fully three-fifths of it, including the Chiquitos region, is composed of low alluvial plains, great swamps and flooded bottomlands, and gently undulating See also:

• FOREST

forest regions . In the extreme south are the Bolivian See also:

• CHACO

Chaco and the lianas (open grassy plains) of Manzo, while above these in eastern See also:

• CHUQUISACA

Chuquisaca and southern Santa Cruz are extensive swamps and low-lying plains, subject to periodical inundations and of little value for agricultural and See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral purposes . There are considerable areas in this part of Bolivia, however, which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie above the floods and afford See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich grazing lands . The great See also:

• DRAWBACK

drawback to this region is defective drainage; the streams have too sluggish a current to carry off the water in the rainy season . Between the Chiquitos sierras and the Andes are the Llanos de Chiquitos, which have a higher general elevation and a more diversified See also:

• SURFACE

surface . North of this elevation, which formed the southern shore of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Mojos Lake, are the llanos of Guarayos and Mojos, occupying an extensive region traversed by the Guapore, San See also:

• MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802–1866)

Miguel, Guapay, Mamore, Yacuma, Beni and Madre de Dios rivers and their numerous tributaries . It was once covered by the great Mojos Lake, and still contains large undrained areas, like that of Lake Rojoagua (or Roguaguado) . It contains rich agricultural districts and extensive open plains where See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-raising has been successfully followed since the days of the Jesuit See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions in that region . The lower slopes of the Andes, especially toward the north-west, where the country is traversed by the Beni and Madre de Dios, are covered with heavy forests .

This is one of the richest districts of Bolivia and is capable of sustaining a large See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . The river-systems of Bolivia fall naturally into three distinct regions—the Amazon, La See also:

• PLATA, RIO DE LA, or RIVER PLATE

Plata and Central Plateau . The first includes the rivers flowing directly and indirectly into the Madeira, one of the great tributaries of the Amazon, together with some small tributaries of the Acre and Purus in the north, all of which form a drainage basin covering more than one-See also:

• HALF

half of the republic . The two principal rivers of this system are the Mamore and Beni, which unite in lat . 1o° 2o' S. to form the Madeira . The Mamore, the upper part of which is called the Chimore, rises on the north-east slopes of the Sierra de Cochabamba a little south of the 17th parallel, and follows a northerly See also:

• SERPENTINE

serpentine course to its confluence with the Beni, the greater part of which course is between the 65th and 66th meridians . The river has a length of about 600 m., fully three-fourths of which, from Chimore (925 ft. above sea level) to the rapids near its mouth, passes across a level See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and is navigable . The principal Bolivian tributary of the Mamore, the Guapay or Grande, which is larger and longer than the former above their confluence and should be considered the main stream, rises in the Cordillera Oriental east of Lake See also:

• PAMPA, LA

Pampa Aullaguas, and flows east to the north extremity of the Sierra de Misiones, where it emerges upon the Bolivian lowlands . Turning to the north in a magnificent See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve, it passes around the south-east extremity of the Sierra de Cochabamba, skirts the Llanos de Chiquitos, and, turning to the north-west, unites with the Mamore at See also:

• JUNTA (from juntar, to join)

Junta de los Rios in about 15° 20' S. lat. and 64° 4o' W. long . It has a tortuous course of over 700 m., which is described as not navigable . The principal tributaries of the Guapay are the Mizque, Piray or Sara and Yapacani, the last rising on the east slopes of the See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

GEOGRAPHY] Cordillera Real, flowing east by Cochabamba to the sierras of that name where it breaks through with a great See also:

• BEND

bend to the north . The other large Bolivian tributaries of the Mamore, all rising on the north-east flanks of the Andes, are the Chapare, Secure, Manique or Apere and Yacuma, the last draining a region of lakes and swamps north of the Sierra Chamaya .

The Beni and its great affluent, the Madre de Dios, though of smaller See also:

• VOLUME

volume and extent than the Mamore, are of much greater economic importance, owing to their navigability, the fertility of the region they drain, and the great forests along their See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks . North of the Beni, the Abuna flows into the Madeira . Several of its south tributaries belong to Bolivia . The Guapore, or Itenez, an affluent of the Mamore, is the third large river of this Bolivian drainage basin, but it rises in Brazil, on the south slopes of the Sierra dos Parecis, where it flows in a great bend to the south and then west of north to the Bolivian frontier in 14° S. lat . From this point to its junction with the Mamore, a little north of the 12th parallel, it flows in a north-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly direction and forms the boundary line between the two republics . Its Brazilian tributaries are comparatively unimportant, but from Bolivia it receives the Baures and the San Miguel, both rising in the Sierras de Chiquitos and flowing north-west across the Banos to the Guapore . The Baures has one large tributary, the Blanco, and the Itonama (San Miguel) has its origin in Lake See also:

• CONCEPCION
• CONCEPCION, or VILLA CONCEPCION

Concepcion, lying among the west ranges of the Chiquitos mountains 952 ft. above sea-level . The south-east drainage basin, which is smaller and economic-ally less important than that of the Madeira, discharges into the Paraguay and extends from the Sierras de Chiquitos south to the Argentine frontier, and from the Cordillera Oriental east to the Paraguay . It possesses only one large river in Bolivia, the Pilcomayo, which rises on the east slopes of the Cordillera Oriental opposite the south end of Lake Pampa Aullaguas and flows east and south-east through the sierra region to the Bolivian Chaco . It flows through a nearly level country with so sluggish a current that its channels are greatly obstructed . Nothing definite is known of its tributaries in the Chaco, but in the sierra region it possesses a number of small tributaries, the largest of which are the Cachimayo, Mataca and Pflaya or Camblaya, the latter formed by the Cotagaita and San Juan . The Bermejo, which is an Argentine river, receives one large tributary from the Bolivian uplands, the See also:

• TARIJA, or TARIXA

Tarija or Rio Grande, which drains a small See also:

• DISTRICT

district south-east of the Santa See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria sierra .

The Bolivian tributaries of the upper Paraguay are small and unimportant . The Otuquis, the most southern of the group, is formed by the San Rafael and Tucabaca, which drain both slopes of the Cerro Cochii range; but is lost in some great marshes 50 M. from the Paraguay . Another considerable stream of this region, which is lost in the great marshy districts of the Bolivian plain, is the Parapiti, which rises on the eastern slopes of the Sierra de Misiones and flows north-east through a low plain for about 150 M. until lost . The third drainage basin is that of the great central plateau, or alta-planicie . This is one of the most elevated lacustrine basins in the world, and though it once drained eastward, now has no surface outlet . Lake Titicaca receives the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of several See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short streams from the neighbouring heights and discharges through the Desaguadero, a sluggish river flowing south for 184 m. with a gradually diminishing See also:

• DEPTH

depth to Lake Pampa Aullaguas or Poopo . The Desaguadero is navigable for small See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft, and has two or three small tributaries from the west . Two small streams empty into Lake Pampa Aullaguas, which has a small outlet in the Lacahahuira flowing west for 6o m. to the Cienegas de (See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-swamps of) Coipasa . The drainage of this extensive district seems to be wholly absorbed by the dry See also:

• SOIL

soil of the desert and by evaporation . In the extreme south the Rio Grande de Lipez is absorbed in the same way . Few of the Bolivian lakes are at all well known . The great lacustrine basin between the Beni and the Mamore contains several lakes and lagoons, two of them of large See also:

• SIZE

size .

These are Lake Rogagua whose waters find their way into the Beni through Rio See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro, and the Roguaguado lagoon and marshes which169 See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a large area of territory near the Mamore . The latter has an elevation little, if any, above the level of the Mamore, which apparently drains this region, and .its area has been estimated at about 58o sq. m . Lake Concepcion, in the Chiquitos mountains, belongs to this same hydrographic area . In the south-east there are several large shallow lakes whose character and size See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change with the season . They fill slight depressions and are caused by defective drainage . Near the Paraguay there are several of these lakes, partly caused by obstructed outlets, such as Bahia Negra, See also:

• CACERES

Caceres, Mandiore, Gaiba and Uberaba, some of them of sufficient depth to be navigable by small craft . Above the latter are the great Xarayes swamps, sometimes described as a lake . This region, like that of the north, is subject to periodical inundations in the summer months (November–See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March or even May), when extensive areas of level country are flooded and See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic is possible only by the use of boats . The two principal lakes of the plateau region are Titicaca and Pampa Aullaguas or Poopo . The former lies near the north end of the great Bolivian alta-planicie, 12,644 ft. above sea-level, being one of the most elevated lakes of the world . It is indented with numerous bays and coves; its greatest length is 138 m., and its greatest breadth 69 m . According to a survey made by Dr M .

Neveau-Lemaire (La Geographie, ix. p . 409, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1904), its water surface, excluding islands and peninsulas, is 1969 sq. m., and its greatest depth is 892 ft . The level of the lake rises about 5 in. in summer; the loss in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter is even greater . The lake belongs to both . Bolivia and Peru, and is navigated by steamers See also:

• RUNNING

running between Bolivian ports and the Peruvian railway port of Puno . The outlet of the lake is through the Desaguadero river . It has several islands, the largest of which bears the same name and contains highly interesting archaeological monuments of a prehistoric See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization usually attributed to the Incas . Lake Pampa Aullaguas or Poopo is about 18o m. south-east of Titicaca, and is fed principally by its outflow . It lies 505 ft. below the level of Titicaca, which gives an average fall for the Desaguadero of very nearly 24 ft. per mile . The Pampa Aullaguas has an estimated area of 386 sq. m., and has one large inhabited See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . The lake is shallow and the district about it is sparsely populated . Its outlet is through the Lacahahuira river into the Coipasa swamp, and it is estimated that the outflow is much less than the inflow, showing a considerable loss by evaporation and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth absorption .

Having no sea-coast, Bolivia has no seaport except what may be granted in usufruct by Chile . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The eastern ranges of the Bolivian Andes are formed of Palaeozoic rocks with granitic and other intrusions; the Western Cordillera consists chiefly of See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic and Cretaceous beds, together with the lavas and ashes of the great volcanoes; while the intervening plateau is covered by See also:

• FRESHWATER

freshwater and terrestrial deposits through which rise ridges of Palaeozoic See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock and of a series of red sandstones and gypsiferous marls of somewhat uncertain See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age (probably, in part at least, Cretaceous) . The Palaeozoic beds have yielded fossils of See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian, Ordovician, Devonian and Carboniferous age . In southern Bolivia Cambrian and Ordovician beds form the greater part of the eastern Andes, but farther north the Devonian and Carboniferous are extensively See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, especially in the north-eastern ranges . The hills, known as the Chiquitos, which rise from the plains of eastern Bolivia, are composed of ancient sedimentary rocks of unknown age . The Palaeozoic beds are directly overlaid by a series of red sandstones and gypsiferous marls, similar to the formation petrolifera of Argentina and Brazil . At the See also:

• BASE

base there is frequently a See also:

• CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate or See also:

• TUFF (Ital. tufo)

tuff of porphyritic rocks . Marine fossils found by Gustav Steinmann in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the series are said to indicate an age not earlier than the Jurassic, and Steinmann refers them to the Lower Cretaceous . It is, however, not improbable that the series may represent more than one See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological system . No later marine deposits have been found either in the eastern Andes or in the plains of Bolivia, but freshwater beds of See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary and later date occupy a wide area . The See also:

• RECENT

recent deposits, which cover so large a part of the depression between the Eastern and the Western Cordillera, appear to be partly of torrential origin, like the See also:

• TALUS (Lat. for the " ankle-bone ")

talus-fans at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of mountain ranges in other dry regions; but Lakes Titicaca and Pampa Aullaguas (Poopo) were undoubtedly at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time rather more extensive than they are to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The volcanoes of Bolivia lie almost entirely in the Western Cordillera—the great summits of the eastern range, such as Illimani and Sorata, being formed of Palaeozoic rocks with granitic and other intrusions .

The See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver and See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin of Bolivia occur chiefly in the Palaeozoic rocks of the eastern ranges . The See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper belongs mostly to the red See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone series . 170 Climate.—Bolivia lies wholly within the torrid See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, and See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in temperature are therefore due to elevation, mountain barriers and prevailing winds . The country possesses every gradation of temperature, from that of the tropical low-lands to the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold of the snow-capped peaks directly above . This See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical arrangement of See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic zones is modified to some extent (less than in Argentina) by varying rainfall conditions, which are governed by the high mountain ranges See also:

• CROSSING

crossing one corner of the republic, and also by the prevailing winds . The See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade winds give to S . Bolivia a wet and dry season similar to that of N . Argentina . Farther north, and east of the Cordillera Oriental, rains fall throughout the See also:

• YEAR

year, though the summer months (November–March) are usually described as the rainy season . On the west side of the Cordillera, which extracts the moisture from the prevailing easterly winds, the elevated plateaus have a limited rainfall in the north, which diminishes toward the south until the surface becomes absolutely barren . Brief and furious rain-storms sometimes sweep the northern plateau, but these are not frequent and occur during a short season only . See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

Electrical wind storms are frequent in these high altitudes .

Bolivia has a wide range of temperature between places of the same See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude . The natives designate the Bolivian climatic zones as yungas, See also:

• VALLE, PIETRO DELLA (1586–1652)

valle or medio yungas, cabezera de valle, puna and puna brava . The yungas comprises all the lowlands and the mountain valleys up to an elevation of 5000 ft . The temperature is tropical, winter is unknown and the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere is exceedingly humid . The mean temperature, according to official estimates, is 70F., but this probably represents the average between the higher elevations and the low country . The valle zone includes the deep valleys from 5000 to 9500 ft., has a warm climate with moderate variations in temperature and no cold See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, is sub-tropical in character and productions, and is sometimes described as a region of perpetual summer . The cabezera de valle, as the name indicates, includes the heads of the deep valleys above the valle zone, with elevations ranging from 9500 to 11,000 ft.; its climate is temperate, is divided into See also:

• REGULAR

regular seasons, and is favourable to the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of cereals and vegetables . The puna, which lies between 11,000 and 12,500 ft., includes the great central plateau of Bolivia . It has but two seasons, a cold summer or autumn and winter . The See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air is cold and dry, and the warmer season is too short for the production of anything but potatoes and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley . The mean temperature is officially estimated as 54 F . The puna brava extends from 12,500 ft. up to the snow limit (about 17,500 ft.), and covers a bleak, inhospitable territory, inhabited only by shepherds and miners .

Above this is the region of eternal snow, an Arctic zone within the tropics . In general, the sub-tropical (valle) and temperate (cabezera de valle) regions of Bolivia are healthy and agreeable, have a plentiful rainfall, moderate temperature in the shade, and varied and abundant products . There is a high See also:

• RATE

rate of mortality among the natives, due to unsanitary habits and See also:

• DIET

diet, and not to the climate . In the tropical yungas the ground is covered with decaying vegetation, and See also:

• MALARIA

malaria and fevers are See also:

• COMMON

common . There are localities in the open country and on exposed elevations where healthy conditions prevail, but the greater part of this region is considered unhealthy . The prevailing winds are easterly, bringing moisture across Brazil from the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, but eastern Bolivia is also exposed to hot, oppressive winds from the north, and to violent cold winds (surazos) from the Argentine plains, which have been known to cause a fall of temperature of 36° within a few See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours . According to the Sinopsis Estadistica y Geogrdfica de la Republica de Bolivia (La Paz, 1903), the average mean temperature and the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall in eastern Bolivia are as follows: to° S. lat., 90.8° F. and 31.5 in. rainfall; 15° S. lat., 86° F. and 30.7 in. rainfall; 2o° S. lat., 81° F. and 30 in. rainfall; and 25° S. lat., 76.8° F. and 29.3 in. rainfall . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The indigenous fauna of Bolivia corresponds closely to that of the neighbouring districts of Argentina, Brazil and Peru . Numerous See also:

• SPECIES

species of monkeys inhabit the forests of the tropical region, together with the puma, See also:

• JAGUAR
• JAGUAR (Fells onca)

jaguar, wildcat, See also:

• COATI

coati, See also:

• TAPIR

tapir or anta, See also:

• SLOTH

sloth, See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant-See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, See also:

• PACA

paca (Coelogenys paca) and See also:

• CAPYBARA

capybara . A rare species of bear, the Ursus ornatus (spectacled bear) is found among the wooded Andean foothills . The See also:

• CHINCHILLA
• CHINCHILLA, LA PLATA
• CHINCHILLA, PERUVIAN

chinchilla (C. laniger) , also found in northern Argentina and Chile, inhabits the colder plateau regions and is prized for its See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur . The plateau species of the See also:

• VISCACHA, or

viscacha (Lagidium cuvieri) and the widely distributed South See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter (Lutra paranensis) are also hunted for their skins .

The See also:

• PECCARY

peccary, which prefers a partially open country, ranges from.the Chaco to the densely wooded districts of the north . There are two or three species of See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, the most common being the large See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh deer of the Chaco; but the deer are not numerous . The See also:

• ARMADILLO

armadillo, See also:

• OPOSSUM
• OPOSSUM, AUSTRALIAN
• OPOSSUM, RINGTAILED
• OPOSSUM, TASMANIAN (grey and black)

opossum, See also:

• FERRET

ferret and See also:

• SKUNK
• SKUNK (probably derived from " Seecawk," the Cree name for the skunk; another form given is " seganku ")

skunk [FAUNA AND See also:

• FLORA

FLORA are widely distributed . The See also:

• AMPHIBIA

amphibia are well represented throughout the lower tropical districts . Alligators are found in the tributaries of the Paraguay and their lagoons, lizards and turtles are numerous, and the batrachians are represented by several species . See also:

• SNAKES

Snakes are also numerous, including rattle-snakes and the great See also:

• BOA

boa-constrictors of the Amazon region . The most interesting of all the Bolivian animals, however, are the See also:

• GUANACO

guanaco (Auchenia huanaco) and its congeners, the See also:

• LLAMA

llama (A. llama), See also:

• ALPACA

alpaca (A. pacos) and See also:

• VICUNA

vicuna (A. vicugna), belonging to the Camelidae, with the structure and habits of the See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel, but smaller, having no hump, and inhabiting a mountainous and not a level sandy region . They are able to go without See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food and drink for long periods, and inhabit the arid and semi-arid plateaus of the Andes and the See also:

• STEPPES

steppes of See also:

• PATAGONIA

Patagonia . The guanaco is supposed to be the original type, is the largest of the four, and has the greatest range from Peru to Tierra del Fuego . The llama and alpaca were domesticated long before the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of America, but the guanaco and vicuna are found in a See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state only . The llama is used as a See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal in Bolivia and Peru, and its coarse See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool is used in the making of garments for the natives . The alpaca is highly prized for its fine wool, which is a See also:

• STAPLE

staple export from Bolivia, but the animal is reared with difficulty and the product cannot be largely increased .

The vicuna also is celebrated for its wool, which the natives weave into beautiful and costly ponchos (blanket cloaks) and other wearing See also:

• APPAREL (from O. Fr. aparail, aparailler, mod. appareil, from Low Lat. adpariculare, to make fit. or equal)

apparel . The guanaco is hunted for its skin, which, when dressed, makes an attractive See also:

• RUG

rug or robe . The slaughter of the guanaco and vicuna is rapidly diminishing their number . The rearing of llamas and alpacas is a recognized See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in the Bolivian highlands and is wholly in the hands of the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, who alone seem to understand the habits and peculiarities of these interesting animals . Of birds and See also:

• INSECTS

insects the genera and species are very numerous and interesting . The high sierras are frequented by condors and eagles of the largest size, and the whole country by the common See also:

• VULTURE

vulture, while the American See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich (See also:

• RHEA

Rhea americanus) and a species of large See also:

• STORK (A. S. store, Ger. Storch)

stork ( the bata or jaburia, Mycteria americana; maximum height, 8 ft.; spread of wings, 8 ft . 6 in.) inhabit the tropical plains and valleys . Waterfowl are numerous and the forests of the warm valleys are filled with See also:

• SONG

song-birds and birds of beautiful plumage . Many species of humming-birds are found even far up in the mountains, and great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of parrots, araras and toucans, beautiful of See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather but harsh of See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice, enliven the forests of the lowlands . Like other South American states, Bolivia benefited greatly from the introduction of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European animals . Horses, cattle, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, goats, See also:

• SWINE

swine and poultry were introduced, and are now See also:

• SOURCES

sources of food and See also:

• WEALTH

wealth to a large part of the population . Mules are used to a large extent as pack animals, but they are imported from Argentina .

Silkworms have been bred with success in some departments, and the See also:

• COCHINEAL

cochineal See also:

• INSECT

insect is found wherever the conditions are favourable for the See also:

• CACTUS

cactus . Flora.—Owing to the diversities in See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude the flora of Bolivia represents every climatic zone, from the scanty Arctic vegetation of the lofty Cordilleras to the luxuriant tropical forests of the Amazon basin . Between these extremes the diversity in See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• LIFE

life is as great as that of climate and soil . The flora of Bolivia has