See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT GUSTAF See also:

• COUNT GUSTAF BONDE (162o-1667)

BONDE (162o-1667)  , See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish statesman . He is remarkable for being the persistent See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of a pacific policy at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war on the slightest provocation was the watchword of every Swedish politician . Even the popular See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X. was strenuously opposed by See also:

• BONDE, GUSTAF, COUNT (162o-1667)

Bonde, though when once it was decided upon he materially assisted the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king to find the means for carrying it on . He was also in favour of strict See also:

• ECONOMY

economy coupled with the recovery of the royal domains which had fallen into the hands of the nobles, though his natural partiality for his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-peers came out clearly enough when in 1655 he was appointed a member of Charles X.'s See also:

• LAND

land-recovery See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission . In 1659 he succeeded Herman See also:

• FLEMING, PAUL (1609-1640)
• FLEMING, RICHARD (d. 1431)
• FLEMING, SIR SANDFORD (1827- )
• FLEMING, SIR THOMAS (1S44-1613)

Fleming as See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord high treasurer, and was one of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of regency appointed to govern See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden during the minority of Charles XI . In 1661 he presented to the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate a See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan which aimed at rendering Sweden altogether See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign subsidies, by a policy of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, economy and See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-development, and by further recovery of alienated estates . His See also:

• BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning sack, latinized as bulga, leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. form is derived)

budget in the following See also:

• YEAR

year, framed on the same principles, subsequently served as an invaluable See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide to Charles XI . Bonde's extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary tenacity of purpose enabled him for some years to carry out his See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme, despite the opposition of the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the senate and his co-regents, who preferred the more adventurous methods of the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus de la Gardie, ultimately so ruinous to Sweden . But the ambition of the oligarchs, and the fear and See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of innumerable monopolists who See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in arms against his policy of economy, proved at last too strong for Bonde, while the costly and useless expedition against See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen in 1665, undertaken contrary to his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice, completed the ruin of the finances . In his later years Bonde's See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of resistance were weakened by sickness and See also:

• MORTIFICATION

mortification at the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of reckless extravagance, and he practically retired from the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government some time before his See also:

• DEATH

death . See See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin Veibull, Sveriges Storhetstid (See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, 1881) .