See also:

• BONGO (Boocercus eurycerus)
• BONGO (Don or DERAN)

BONGO (See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don or DERAN)  , a tribe of Nilotic negroes, probably related to the Zandeh tribes of the Welle See also:

• DISTRICT

district, inhabiting the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west portion of the See also:

• BAHR

Bahr-el-Ghazal See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, Anglo-See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan . G . A . See also:

• SCHWEINFURTH, GEORG AUGUST (1836– )

Schweinfurth, who lived two years among them, declares that before the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the slave-raiders, c . 1850, they numbered at least 300,000 . Slave-raiders, and later the dervishes, greatly reduced their See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, and it was not until the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of effective See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control by the Sudan See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government (1904-1906) that recuperation was possible . The See also:

• BONGO (Boocercus eurycerus)
• BONGO (Don or DERAN)

Bongo formerly lived in countless little See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent and peaceful communities, and under the Sudan government they again See also:

• MANAGE

manage their own affairs . Their huts are well built, and some-times 24 ft. high . The Bongo are a See also:

• RACE

race of See also:

• MEDIUM

medium height, inclined to be thick-set, with a red-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown complexion—" like the See also:

• SOIL

soil upon which they reside "—and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair . Schweinfurth declares their heads to be nearly See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, no other See also:

• AFRICAN

African race, to his knowledge, possessing a higher cephalic See also:

• INDEX

index . The See also:

• WOMEN

women incline to See also:

• STEATOPYGIA (Gr. oriap, fat, irvyit rump)

steatopygia in later See also:

• LIFE

life, and this See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat, together with the tail of bast which they wore, gave them, as they walked, Schweinfurth says, the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of " dancing baboons." The Bongo men formerly wore only a See also:

• LOIN (through O. Fr. loigne or logne, mod. lunge, from Lat. Iambus)

loin-See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, and many dozen See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron rings on the arms (arranged to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a sort of See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour), while the women had simply a See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle, to which was attached a tuft of grass . Both sexes now largely use See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton cloths as dresses .

The tribal ornaments consist of nails or plugs which are passed through the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip . The women often See also:

• WEAR

wear a disk several inches in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter in this See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, together with a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring or a See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit of See also:

• STRAW

straw in the upper lip, straws in the alae of the nostrils, and a ring in the septum . The Bongo, unlike other of the upper See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile Negroes, are not See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-breeders, but employ their See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture . The crops mostly cultivated are See also:

• SORGHUM

sorghum, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• SESAME

sesame and See also:

• DURRA
• DURRA (also written dourah, dhura, &c.; Arabic for a pearl, hence a grain of corn)

durra . The Bongo eat the fruits, tubers and See also:

• FUNGI (p1. of Lat. fungus, a mushroom)

fungi in which the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich . They also eat almost every creature—See also:

• BIRD

bird, beast, See also:

• INSECT

insect and reptile, with the exception of the See also:

• DOG

dog . They despise no flesh, fresh or putrid . They drive the See also:

• VULTURE

vulture from carrion, and eat with relish the intestinal See also:

• WORMS

worms of the ox . See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth-eating, too, is See also:

• COMMON

common among them . They are particularly skilled in the smelting and working of iron . Iron forms the currency of the country, and is extensively employed for all kinds of useful and ornamental purposes . Bongo spears, knives, rings, and other articles are frequently fashioned with great See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic elaboration .

They have a variety of musical See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments—drums, stringed instruments, and horns—in the practice of which they take great delight; and they indulge in a vocal recitative which seems intended to imitate a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of natural sounds . Schweinfurth says that Bongo See also:

• MUSIC

music is like the raging of the elements . See also:

• MARRIAGE

Marriage is by See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase; and a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man is allowed to acquire three wives, but not more . See also:

• TATTOOING (Tahitian, tatu, from ta, mark)

Tattooing is partially practised . As regards See also:

• BURIAL

burial, the See also:

• CORPSE (Lat. corpus, the body)

corpse is See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound in a crouching position with the knees See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up to the See also:

• CHIN

chin; men are placed in the See also:

• GRAVE

grave with the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, and women with the face to the south . The form of the grave is See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar, consisting of a See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche in a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft, recalling the See also:

• MASTABA (Arab. for " bench ")

mastaba See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Egyptians . The tombs are frequently ornamented with rough wooden figures intended to represent the deceased . Of the See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality of the soul they have no defined notion; and their only approach to a knowledge of a beneficent deity consists in a vague See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of See also:

• LUCK

luck . They have, however, a most intense belief in a great variety of See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty goblins and witches, which are essentially See also:

• MALIGNANT (Lat. malignus, evil-disposed, from maligenus)

malignant . Arrows, spears and clubs form their weapons, the first two distinguished by a multiplicity of barbs . See also:

• EUPHORBIA

Euphorbia juice is used as a See also:

• POISON

poison for the arrows . See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

Shields are rare .

Their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is musical, and abounds in the vowels o and a; its vocabulary of See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete terms is very rich, but the same word has often a great variety of meanings . The grammatical structure is See also:

• SIMPLE

simple . As a race the Bongo are See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle and industrious, and exhibit strong See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection . See G . A . Schweinfurth, The See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

Heart of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1873); W . See also:

• JUNKER, WILHELM (1840-1892)

Junker, Travels in Africa (Eng. edit., London, 1890-1892) .