See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

SAINT See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• SAINT BONIFACE (680-754)

BONIFACE (680-754)  , the apostle of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, whose real name was Wynfrith, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good Saxon See also:

• FAMILY

family at See also:

• CREDITON

Crediton or Kirton in See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire . While still See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young he became a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk, and studied See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar and See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology first at See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter, then at Nutcell near See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester, under the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot Winberht . He soon distinguished himself both as See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and preacher, and had every inducement to remain in his monastery, but in 716 he followed the example of other Saxon monks and set out as missionary to Frisia . He was soon obliged to return, however, probably owing to the hostility of Radbod, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the See also:

• FRISIANS (Lat. Frisii; in Med. Lat. Frisones, Frisiones, Fresones; in their own tongue Frsasa, FrPsen)

Frisians, then at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Martel . At the end of 717 he went to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, where in 719 See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory II. commissioned him to evangelize Germany and to counteract the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the Irish monks.there . See also:

• CROSSING

Crossing the See also:

• ALPS

Alps, See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface visited See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria and Thuringia, but upon See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing of the See also:

• DEATH

death of Radbod he hurried again to Frisia, where, under the direction of his countryman See also:

• WILLIBRORD (or WILBRORD), ST (d. 738)

Willibrord (d . 738), the first See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht, he preached successfully for three years . About 722 he visited See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse and Thuringia, won over some chieftains, and converted and baptized See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen . Having sent See also:

• SPECIAL

special word to Gregory of his success, he was summoned to Rome and consecrated bishop on the 3oth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 722, after taking an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of obedience to the pope . Then his See also:

• MISSION

mission was enlarged . He re-turned with letters of recommendation to Charles Martel, charged not only to convert the heathen but to suppress See also:

• HERESY

heresy as well . Charles's See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, as he himself confessed, made possible his great career .

Armed with it he passed safely into heathen Germany and began a systematic crusade, baptizing, overturning idols, See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding churches and monasteries, and calling from See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England a See also:

• BAND

band of missionary helpers, monks and nuns, some of whom have become famous: St See also:

• LULL (or LvLLY), RAIMON, or RAYMOND (c. 1235-1315)

Lull, his successor in the see at See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz; St Burchard, bishop of Wiirzburg; St Gregory, abbot at Utrecht; Willibald, his biographer; St Lioba, St Walburge, St See also:

• THECLA, ST

Thecla . In 732 Boniface was created See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop . In 738 for the third See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he went to Rome . On his return he organized the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in Bavaria into the four bishoprics of See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg, See also:

• FREISING

Freising, See also:

• SALZBURG

Salzburg and See also:

• PASSAU

Passau . Then his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was extended still further . In 741 Pope See also:

• ZACHARIAS, ST

Zacharias made him See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate, and charged him with the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation of the whole Frankish church . With the support of See also:

• CARLOMAN
• CARLOMAN (751-771)
• CARLOMAN (828-88o)
• CARLOMAN (d. 754)
• CARLOMAN (d. 884)

Carloman and See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin, who had just succeeded Charles Martel as mayors of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, Boniface set to See also:

• WORK

work . As he had done in Bavaria, he organized the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east Frankish church into four bishoprics, See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt, Wiirzburg, Buraburg and Eichstadt, and set over them his own monks . In 742 he presided at what is generally counted as the first See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . At the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period he founded the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of See also:

• FULDA

Fulda, as a centre for German monastic culture, placing it under the Bavarian See also:

• STURM
• STURM, JULIUS (1816-1896)

Sturm, whose See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography gives us so many picturesque glimpses of the time, and making its See also:

• RULE

rule stricter than the See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine . Then came a theological and disciplinary controversy with See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, the Irish bishop of Salzburg, who held, among other heresies, that there were other worlds than ours . Virgil must have been a most remarkable See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man; in spite of his leanings toward See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science he held his own against' Boniface, and was canonized after his death .

Boniface was more successful in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . There a certain See also:

• ADALBERT (originally VOYTECH), (c. 950-997)
• ADALBERT, or ADELBERT (c. 1000-1072)

Adalbert or Aldebert, a Frankish bishop of See also:

• NEUSTRIA

Neustria, had caused great disturbance . He had been performing miracles, and claimed to have received his See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics, not from Rome like those of Boniface, but directly from the angels . Planting crosses in the open See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew the See also:

• PEOPLE

people to See also:

• DESERT

desert the churches, and had won a great following throughout all Neustria . Opinions are divided as to whether he was a Culdee, a representative of a See also:

• NATIONAL

national Frankish See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, or simply the See also:

• CHARLATAN (Ital. ciarlatano, from ciarlare, to chatter)

charlatan that Boniface paints him . At the instance of Pippin, Boniface secured Adalbert's condemnation at the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of See also:

• SOISSONS

Soissons in 744; but he, and See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement, a Scottish missionary and a heretic on See also:

• PREDESTINATION (from Late Lat. praedestinare, to deter-mine beforehand; from the root sta, as in stare, stand)

predestination, continued to find followers in spite of legate, council and pope, for three or four years more . Between 746 and 748 Boniface was made bishop of Mainz, and became See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan over the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine bishoprics and Utrecht, as well as over those he had established in Germany—thus founding the pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence of the see of Mainz . In 747 a synod of the Frankish bishops sent to Rome a formal statement of their submission to the papal authority . The significance of this See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act can only be realized when one recalls the tendencies toward the formation of national churches, which had been so powerful under the See also:

• MEROVINGIANS

Merovingians . Boniface does not seem to have taken See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• ANOINTING

anointing of Pippin as king of the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks in 752 . In 754 he resigned his archbishopric in favour of Lull, and took up again his earliest See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of a mission to Frisia; but on the 5th of See also:

• JUNE

June 754 he and his companions were massacred by the heathen near Dockum . His remains were afterwards taken to Fulda .

St Boniface has well been called the proconsul of the papacy . His organizing See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, even more than his missionary zeal, See also:

• LEFT

left its See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark upon the German church throughout all the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . The missionary movement which until his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day had been almost See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, largely carried on by schismatic Irish monks, was brought under the direction of Rome . But in so See also:

• WELDING (i.e. the action of the verb " to weld," the same word as " to well," to boil or spring up, the history of the word being to boil, to heat to a high degree, to beat heated iron; according to Skeat, who points out that in Swedish the compound verb

welding together the scattered centres and binding them to the papacy, Boniface seems to have been actuated by See also:

• SIMPLE

simple zeal for unity of the faith, and not by a conscious See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive . Though pre-eminently a man of See also:

• ACTION

action, Boniface has left several See also:

• LITERARY

literary remains . We have above all his Letters (Epistolae), difficult to date, but extremely important from the standpoint of See also:

• HISTORY

history, See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma, or literature; see See also:

• DUMMLER, ERNST LUDWIG (1830-19o2)

Dummler's edition in the Monumenta Germaniae historica, 1892 . Besides these there are a grammar (De octo partibus orationibus, ed . See also:

• MAI, ANGELO (1782—1854)

Mai, in Classici Auctores, t. vii.), some sermons of contested authenticity, some poems (Aenigmata, ed . Dummler, Poetae See also:

• LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

latini aevi Carolini, i . 1881), a See also:

• PENITENTIAL (Lat. poenitentiale, libellus poenitentialis, &c.)

penitential, and some Dicta Bonifacii (ed . Nurnberger in Theologische Quartalschrift, See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, vol . 70, 1888), the authenticity of which it is hard to prove or to refute .

See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne in his Patrologia See also:

• LATINA, VIA

Latina (vol . 89) has reproduced the edition of Boniface's See also:

• WORKS

works by See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1844) . There are very many monographs on Boniface and on different phases of his See also:

• LIFE

life (see See also:

• POTTHAST, AUGUST (1824—1898)

Potthast, Bibliotheca medii aevi, and Ulysse See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier's Bibliographic, 2nd ed. for indications), but none that is completely satisfactory . Among See also:

• RECENT

recent studies are those of B . Kuhlmann, Der heilige Bonifatius, Apostel der Deutschen (See also:

• PADERBORN (Lat. Paderae Fontes, i.e. the springs of the Pader)

Paderborn, 1895), and of G . Kurth, See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Boniface (2nd ed., 1902) . W . Levison has edited the Vitae sancti Bonifatii (See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, 1905) . (J . T .