BOOKCASE  , an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, forming a shelved receptacle, usually perpendicular or See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal, for the storage of books . When books, being written by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, were excessivelyscarce,they were kept in small coffers which the See also:

• GREAT

great carried about with them on their journeys . As See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript volumes accumulated in the religious houses or in See also:

• REGAL

regal palaces, they were stored upon shelves or in cupboards, and it is from these cupboards that the bookcase of to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day directly descends . At a somewhat later date the doors were, for convenience' See also:

• SAKE

sake, discarded, and the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of the bookcase made one step forward . Even then, however, the volumes were not arranged in the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . They were either placed in piles apon their sides, or if upright, were ranged with their backs to the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall and their edges outwards . The See also:

• BAND

band of See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, vellum or See also:

• PARCHMENT

parchment which closed the See also:

• BOOK

book was often used for the inscription of the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, which was thus on the fore-edge instead of on the back . It was not until the invention of See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing had greatly cheapened books that it became the practice to write the title on the back and See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the edges inwards . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early bookcases were usually of See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, which is still deemed to be the most appropriate See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood for a stately library . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest bookcases in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England are those in the Bodleian library at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, which were placed in position in the last See also:

• YEAR

year or two of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; in that library are the earliest extant examples of shelved galleries over the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat wall-cases . See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long ranges of book-shelves are necessarily somewhat severe in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, and many attempts have been made by means of carved cornices and pilasters to give them a more riant appearance—attempts which were never so successful as in the hands of the great See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• CABINET

cabinet-makers of the second 'See also:

• HALF

half of the 18th century . Both See also:

• CHIPPENDALE, THOMAS (d. 1979)

Chippendale and See also:

• SHERATON, THOMAS (c. 1751-1806)

Sheraton made or designed great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of bookcases, mostly glazed with little lozenges encased in See also:

• FRET

fret-See also:

• WORK

work frames often of great See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm and elegance .

The alluring See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of some of Sheraton's satinwood bookcases has very rarely indeed been equalled . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French cabinet-makers of the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period were also highly successful with small ornamental cases . See also:

• MAHOGANY

Mahogany, See also:

• ROSEWOOD

rosewood, satinwood and even choicer See also:

• EXOTIC (Gr. EWTIK6s, foreign, from few, outside)

exotic timbers were used; they were often inlaid with marqueterie and mounted with chased and gilded See also:

• BRONZE

bronze . See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

Dwarf bookcases were frequently finished with a slab of choice See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top . In the great public See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries of the loth century the bookcases are often of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, as in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum where the shelves are covered with cowhide, of See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, as in the library of See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress at See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, or of See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate, as in the See also:

• FITZWILLIAM, SIR WILLIAM (1526-1599)
• FITZWILLIAM, WILLIAM WENTWORTH FITZWILLIAM, 2ND EARL (1748-1833)

Fitzwilliam library at See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge . There are three systems of arranging bookcases—flat against the wall; in " stacks " or ranges parallel to each other with merely enough space between to allow of the passage of a librarian; or in bays or alcoves where cases jut out into the See also:

• ROOM

room at right angles to the wall-cases . The stack See also:

• SYSTEM

system is suitable only for public libraries where See also:

• ECONOMY

economy of space is essential; the See also:

• BAY

bay system is not only hand-some but utilizes the space to great See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage . The library of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• LONDON

London at the See also:

• GUILDHALL

Guildhall is a peculiarly effective example of the bay arrangement . The whole question of the construction and arrangement of book-cases was learnedly discussed in the See also:

• LIGHT

light of experience by W . E . See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone in the Nineteenth Century for See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1890 . (J .

P.-B.) BOOK-See also:

• COLLECTING

COLLECTING, the bringing together of books which in their contents, their See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form or the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the individual copy possess some See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of permanent See also:

• INTEREST

interest, and either actually or prospectively are rare, in the sense of being difficult to procure . This qualification of rarity, which figures much too largely in the popular view of book-collecting, is entirely sub-See also:

• ORDINATE

ordinate to that of interest, for the rarity of a book devoid of interest is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of no concern . On the other hand so long as a book (or anything else) is and appears likely to continue to be easilyprocurable at any moment, no one has any See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for collecting it . The anticipation that it will always be easily procurable is often unfounded; but so long as the anticipation exists it restrains collecting, with the result that See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn-books are much rarer than First See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

Folio Shakespeares . It has even been laid down that the ultimate rarity of books varies in the inverse ratio of the number of copies originally printed, and though the generalization is a little sweeping, it is not far from the truth . To See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph over small difficulties being the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief element in See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games of skill, the different varieties of book-collecting, which offer almost as many varieties of grades of difficulty, make excellent hobbies . But in its essence the pastime of a book-See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector is identical with the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official work of the See also:

• CURATOR (Lat. for " one who takes care," curare, to take care of)

curator of a museum, and thus also with one See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the duties of the librarian of any library of respectable See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . In its inception every library is a See also:

• LITERARY

literary workshop, with more or less of a See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden or recreation ground attached according as its managers are influenced by the humanities or by a narrow conception of utility . As the library grows, the books and See also:

• EDITIONS

editions which have been the tools of one See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation pass out of use; and it becomes largely a depository or storehouse of a stock much of which is dead . But from out of this seemingly dead stock preserved at haphazard, critics and antiquaries gradually pick out books which they find to be still alive . Of some of these the interest cannot be reproduced in its entirety by any See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere reprint, and it is this See also:

• SALVAGE (from Lat. salvus, safe)

salvage which forms the literary museum . Book-collectors are privileged to leap at once to this See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in their relations with books, using the dealers' shops and catalogues as depositories from which to pick the books which will best See also:

• FIT

fit with the aim or central See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of their collection .

For in the modern private collection, as in the modern museum, the need for a central idea must be fully recognized . Neither the collector nor the curator can be content to keep a mere curiosity-See also:

• SHOP

shop . It is the collector's business to illustrate his central idea by his choice of examples, by the care with which he describes them and the skill with which they are arranged . In all these matters many amateurs See also:

• RIVAL

rival, if they do not outstrip, the professional curators and librarians, and not seldom their collections are made with a view to their ultimate transference to public ownership . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case'it is by the zeal of collectors that books which otherwise would have perished from neglect are discovered, cared for and preserved, and those who achieve these results certainly deserve well of the community . Whenever a high degree of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization has been attained book-lovers have multiplied, and to the student with his modest See also:

• DESIRE

desire to read his favourite author in a well-written or well-printed copy there has been added a class of owners suspected of caring more for the externals of books than for the enjoyment to be obtained by See also:

• READING

reading them . But although adumbrations of it existed under the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and towards the end of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, book-collecting, as it is now under- stood, is essentially of modern growth . A glance through what must be regarded as the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-book on the love of books, the Plzilobiblon, attributed to See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard de See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury (written in 1345), shows that it deals almost exclusively with the delights of litera- See also:

• TURE

ture, and See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian See also:

• BRANT, JOSEPH (1742-1807)
• BRANT, SEBASTIAN (1457-1521)

Brant's attack on the book-See also:

• FOOL (O. Fr. fol, modern fou, foolish, from a Late Latin use of follis, bellows, a ball filled with air, for a stupid person, a jester, a wind-bag)

fool, written a century and a half later, demonstrates nothing more than that the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of books is a poor substitute for learning . This is so obviously true that before book-collecting in the modern sense can begin it is essential that there should be no lack of books to read, just as until cups and saucers became plentiful there was no room for the collector of old See also:

• CHINA

china . Even when the invention of printing had reduced the cost of books by some 8o %, book-collectors did not immediately appear . There is a natural temptation to imagine that the early book-owners, whose libraries have enriched modern collectors with some of their best-known treasures, must necessarily have been collectors themselves . This is far from being the case .

Hardly a book of all that See also:

• JEAN

Jean Grolier (1479–1565) caused to be See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound so See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste- fully for himself and his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends reveals any antiquarian instincts in its liberal owner, who bought partly to encourage the best printers of his day, partly to provide his friends with the most See also:

• RECENT

recent fruits of See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance scholarship . In England See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch- See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop See also:

• CRANMER, THOMAS (1489-1556)

Cranmer, Lords See also:

• ARUNDEL
• ARUNDEL, EARLDOM OF
• ARUNDEL, EARLS OF
• ARUNDEL, THOMAS (1353-1414)

Arundel and Lumley, and See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales (1594-1612), in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France the famous historian Jacques Auguste de See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

Thou (1553-1617), brought together the best books of their day in all departments of learned literature, put them into handsome leather jackets, and enriched them with their coats of arms, heraldic badges or other marks of possession . But they brought their books together for use and study, to be read by themselves and by the scholars who frequented their houses, and no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence has been produced that they appreciated what a collector might how See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the points of a book other than its See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition and literary or informational merits . Again, not a few other more or less famous men have been dubbed See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col-lectors on the See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of a scanty shelf-full of volumes known to have been stamped with their arms . Collecting, as distinct both from the formation of working libraries and from casual ownership of this latter See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, may perhaps be said to have begun in England at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the antiquarian reaction produced by the book-massacres when the monasteries were dissolved by Henry VIII., and the university and See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college libraries and the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish service books were plundered and stript by the commissioners of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VI . To See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good books from perishing is one of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of book-collecting, and when See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker and See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton set to work to gather what they could of the scattered records of English statecraft and literature, and of the decorative See also:

• ART

art bestowed so lavishly on the books of public and private devotion, they were book-collectors in a sense and on a See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale to which few of their modern imitators can pretend . Men of more slender purses, and armed with none of Archbishop Parker's See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, worked according to their ability on similar lines . See also:

• HUMPHREY (or HUMFREY), LAWRENCE (1527?-1590)

Humphrey Dyson, an Elizabethan See also:

• NOTARY, or NOTARY PUBLIC

notary, who collected contemporary proclamations and books from the early English presses, and See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• THOMASON, GEORGE (d. 1666)

Thomason (d . 1666), the bookseller who bought, stored and catalogued all the pamphlet literature of the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, were mindful of the future historians of the days in which they lived . By the end of the 17th century book-collecting was in full See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing all over See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and much of its apparatus had come into existence . In 1676 book See also:

• AUCTIONS

auctions were introduced into England from See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, and soon we can trace in priced catalogues the beginning of a taste for Caxtons, and the books prized by collectors slowly fought their way up from amid the heavy volumes of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology by which they were at first overwhelmed . While book-collecting thus came into existence it was rather as an added grace in the formation of a fine library than as a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate pursuit .

Almost all the large book-buyers of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries bought with a public See also:

• OBJECT

object, or were rewarded for their zeal by their treasures being thought worthy of a public resting-place . Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith (d.1577) bequeathed his books to Queens' College, Cambridge; Archbishop Parker's were See also:

• LEFT

left under severe restrictions to Corpus Christi College in the same university; Sir Thomas See also:

• BODLEY, GEORGE FREDERICK (1827-1907)
• BODLEY, SIR THOMAS (1545-1613)

Bodley refounded during his lifetime the university library at Oxford, to which also See also:

• LAUD (Lat. laws)
• LAUD, WILLIAM (1573-1645)

Laud gave liberally and See also:

• SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden bequeathed his books . The library of Archbishop See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams went to St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's College, Cambridge; that of Archbishop See also:

• USHER (O. Fr. ussier, uissier, mod. huissier, from Lat. ostiarius, a door-keeper, ostium, doorway, entrance, os, mouth)
• USHER (or USSHER), JAMES (1581-1656)

Usher was bought for Trinity College, See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin . The mathematical and scientific books of Thomas See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard, See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk (d . 1646), were given by his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson to the Royal Society; the heraldic collections of See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph See also:

• SHELDON, CHARLES MONROE (1857- )
• SHELDON, GILBERT (1598-1677)

Sheldon (d . 1684) to Heralds' College; the library in which See also:

• PEPYS, SAMUEL (1633-1703)

Pepys took so much See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure to Magdalene College, Cambridge . Bishop See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore'sbooks, including a little See also:

• VOLUME

volume of See also:

• CAXTON, WILLIAM (c. 1422-1491)

Caxton quartos, almost all unique, were bought by George I. and presented to the university library at Cambridge . Archbishop See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

Marsh, who had previously bought See also:

• STILLINGFLEET, EDWARD (1635—1699)

Stillingfleet's printed books (his See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts went to Oxford), founded a library at Dublin . The immense accumulations of Thomas See also:

• RAWLINSON, GEORGE (1812-1902)
• RAWLINSON, RICHARD (169o-1755)
• RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESWICKE (1810—1895)
• RAWLINSON, SIR ROBERT (1810—1898)

Rawlinson (d . 1725) provided materials for a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of auctions, and Harley's printed books were sold to Osbourne the bookseller . But the trend was all towards public ownership While Richard Rawlinson (d . 1755) allowed his See also:

• BROTHER

brother's hooks to be sold, the best of his own were bequeathed to Oxford, and the Harleian See also:

• MSS

MSS. were offered to the nation at a sum far below their value .

A similar offer of the great collections formed by Sir Hans See also:

• SLOANE, SIR HANS (1660-1753)

Sloane, including some 50,000 printed books, together with the need for taking better care of what remained of the Cotton manuscripts, vested in trustees for public use in 1702 and partially destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1731, led to the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the British Museum in 1753, and this on its opening in 1757 was almost immediately enriched by George II.'s See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of the old royal library, formed by the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and queens of England from Henry VII. to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II., and by Henry, prince of Wales, son of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I., who had bought the books belonging to Archbishop Cranmer and Lords Arundel and Lumley . A few notable book- History . buyers could not afford to bequeath their treasures to libraries, e.g . Richard Smith, the secondary of the Poultry Compter (d . 1675), at whose book-See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale (1682) a dozen Caxtons sold for from 2S. to 18s. apiece, Dr See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard (d . 1698), See also:

• NARCISSUS

Narcissus See also:

• LUTTRELL, HENRY (c. 1765–1851)

Luttrell(d . 1732) and Dr Richard See also:

• MEAD
• MEAD, LARKIN GOLDSMITH (1835— )
• MEAD, RICHARD (1673—1754)

Mead (d . 1754) . At the opposite end of the scale, in the earls of See also:

• SUNDERLAND
• SUNDERLAND, CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL OF (c. 1674-1722)
• SUNDERLAND, ROBERT SPENCER, 2ND EARL OF (1640-17o2); English politician, was the only son of Henry Spencer (162o--1643)

Sunderland (d . 1722) and See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke (d . 1733), we have early examples of the attempts, seldom successful, of book-loving peers to make their libraries into permanent heirlooms . But as has been said, the See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift up to 176o was all towards public ownership, and the libraries were for the most See also:

• PART

part See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, though the interest in typo-graphical antiquities was already well marked .

When George III. came to the See also:

• THRONE

throne he found himself book-less, and the magnificent library of over 8o,000 books and See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets and 440 manuscripts which he accumulated shows on a large scale the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

catholic and literary spirit of the book-lovers of his day . As befitted the library of an English See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king it was See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in English See also:

• CLASSICS

classics as well as in those of See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and the typo-graphical first-fruits of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, Rome and See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice were balanced by numerous See also:

• WORKS

works from the first presses of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, London and Oxford . This See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble library passed in 1823 to the British Museum, which had already received the much smaller but care-fully chosen collection of the Rev . C . M . Cracherode (d . 1799), and in 1846 was further enriched by the wonderful library formed by Thomas See also:

• GRENVILLE (or GRANVILLE), SIR RICHARD (r600-1658)
• GRENVILLE (or GREYNVILE), SIR RICHARD (c. 1541-1591)
• GRENVILLE, GEORGE (1712-1770)
• GRENVILLE, SIR BEVIL (1596-1643)
• GRENVILLE, WILLIAM WYNDHAM GRENVILLE, BARON (1759-1834)

Grenville, thelastof itsgreatbook-loving benefactors, who died in that year, aged ninety-one . A few less wealthy men had kept up the old public-spirited tradition during George III.'s reign, See also:

• GARRICK, DAVID (1717-1779)

Garrick bequeathing his fine collection of English plays and Sir See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

Banks his natural history books to the British Museum, while See also:

• CAPELL, EDWARD (17,3–1781)

Capell's Shakespearian treasures enriched Trinity College, Cambridge, and those of See also:

• MALONE
• MALONE, EDMOND (1741-1812)

Malone went to the Bodleian library at Oxford, the formation of these special collections, in place of the large general library with a sprinkling of rarities, being in itself See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth noting . But the noble book-buyers celebrated by the Rev . Thomas Frognall See also:

• DIBDIN, CHARLES (1745—1814)
• DIBDIN, THOMAS FROGNALL (1776—1847)
• DIBDIN, THOMAS JOHN (1771–1841)

Dibdin in his numerous See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

bibliographical works kept mainly on the old lines, though with aims less patriotic than their predecessors . The See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ROXBURGHE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Roxburghe's books were sold in 1812, and the excitement produced by the See also:

• AUCTION

auction, more especially by the competition between See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer and the duke of See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough (at that time margttess of See also:

• BLANDFORD, or BLANDFORD FORUM

Blandford) for an edition of See also:

• BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI (1313-1375)

Boccaccio printed by Valdarfer at Venice in 1471, led to the formation of the Roxburghe See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club at a commemorative See also:

• DINNER

dinner . In 1819 the duke of Marlborough's books were sold, and the Boccaccio for which he had paid £2260 went to Earl Spencer (d .

1834) for £750, to pass with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his rare books to Mrs See also:

• RYLANDS, JOHN (18o1-1888)

Rylands in 1892, and by her gift to the John Rylands library at See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester in 1899 . The books of Sir M . M . Sykes were sold in 1824, those of J . B . See also:

• INGLIS, SIR JOHN EARDLEY WILMOT (1814-1862)
• INGLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1764-1835)

Inglis in 1826 (after which he collected again) and those of George Hibbert in 1829 . The 150,00ovolumes brought together by Richard See also:

• HEBER, REGINALD (1783-1826)
• HEBER, RICHARD (1773-1833)

Heber at an expense of about £roo,000 were disposed of by successive sales during the years 1834–1837 and realized not much more than half their cost . The wonderful library of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• BECKFORD, WILLIAM (1760–1844)

Beckford (d . 1844), especially rich in fine bindings, bequeathed to his daughter, the duchess of See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, was sold in 1882, with the Hamilton manuscripts, for the most part to the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . Their dispersal was preceded in 1881 by that of the Sunderland collection, already mentioned . The library of See also:

• BRIAN (926-1014)

Brian See also:

• FAIRFAX, EDWARD (c. 1580-1635)

Fairfax (d . 1749), which had passed to the earls of See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey, was sold in 1885, that of Sir John Thorold (d .

1815) in 1884, his " See also:

• GUTENBERG, JOHANN (c. 1398–1468)

Gutenberg " See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible fetching £39o0 and his Mainz Psalter £4950 . The great collection of manuscripts formed by Sir Thomas Phillipps (d . 1872) has furnished materials for numerous sales . The printed books of the earl of See also:

• ASHBURNHAM, JOHN (c. 1603-1671)

Ashburnham (d . 1878) kept the auctioneers busy in 1897 and 1898; his manuscripts were sold, some to the British government (the See also:

• STOWE, HARRIET ELIZABETH [BEECHER] (1811-1896)

Stowe collection shared between the British Museum and Dublin), the German government (part of the Libri and See also:

• BARROIS, CHARLES (1851– )

Barrois collection, all, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save one MS. of 13th century German See also:

• BALLADS

ballads, resold to France), the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian government (the rest of the Libri collection) Mr See also:

• YATES, EDMUND HODGSON (1831–1894)
• YATES, MARY ANN (1728-1787)
• YATES, RICHARD (1818-1873)

Yates See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson (the MSS. known as the Appendix) and Mr J . Pierpont See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan (the See also:

• LINDAU
• LINDAU, PAUL (1839– )

Lindau Gospels) . The collections formed by Mr W, H . See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller (d . 1848, mainly English See also:

• POETRY

poetry), theduke of See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire (d . 1858) and Mr Henry Huth (d . 1878), are still intact . Among the book-buyers of the reign of George III., John Ratcliffe, an ex-See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant, and James See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West had devoted themselves specially to Caxtons (of which the former possessed 48 and the latter 34) and the products of other early English presses .

The collections of Capell and Garrick were also small and homogeneous . Each See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, moreover, of some of the great libraries that have just been enumerated might fairly be considered a collection in itself, the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of several collections in the same library being made possible by the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of their purchaser and the small prices fetched by most classes of books in comparison with those which are now paid . But perhaps the modern cabinet theory of book-collecting was first carried out with conspicuous skill by Henry See also:

• PERKINS, CHARLES CALLAHAN (1823-1886)
• PERKINS, JACOB (1766-1849)

Perkins (d . 1855), whose 865 fine manuscripts and specimens of early printing, when sold in 1870, realized nearly £26,000 . If surrounded by a sufficient quantity of general literature the collection might not have seemed noticeably different from some of those already mentioned, but the growing cost of books, together with difficulties as to See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-room, combined to discourage See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous buying on a large scale, and what has been called the " cabinet " theory of collecting, so well carried out by Henry Perkins, became increasingly popular among book buyers, alike in France, England and the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America . See also:

• HENRI

Henri Beraldi, in his See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of his own collection (printed 1892), has described how in France a little band of book-loving amateurs