BORNEO  , a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, extending from 7° N. to 40 20' S., and from lo8° 53' to 119° 22' E . It is 83o m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long from N.E. to S.W., by 600 m. in maximum breadth . Its See also:

• AREA

area according to the calculations of the Topographical See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of See also:

• BATAVIA

Batavia (1894) comprises 293,496 sq. m . These figures are admittedly approximate, and See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, who is generally accurate, gives the area of Borneo at 289,86o sq. m . It is roughly, however, five times as large as See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . Politically Borneo is divided into four portions: (1) See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Borneo, the territory exploited and administered by the Chartered British North Borneo See also:

• COMPANY

Company, to which a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article is devoted; (2) See also:

• BRUNEI

Brunei (q.v.), a Malayan sultanate under British See also:

• PROTECTION

protection; (3) See also:

• SARAWAK

Sarawak (q.v.), the large territory ruled by See also:

• RAJA

raja See also:

• BROOKE, FRANCES (1724-1789)
• BROOKE, FULKE OREVILLE, 1ST BARON (1554-1628)
• BROOKE, HENRY (c. 1703-1783)
• BROOKE, SIR JAMES (1803-1868)
• BROOKE, STOPFORD AUGUSTUS (1832– )

Brooke, and under British protection in so far as its See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign relations are concerned; and (4) Dutch Borneo, which comprises the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder and by far the largest and most valuable portion of the island . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is mountainous, though none of the ranges attains to any great See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation, and Kinabalu, the highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak in the island, which is situated near its north-western extremity, is only 13,698 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . There is no proper See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of mountains whence chains ramify in different directions . The central and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west central parts of the island, however, are occupied by three See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain chains and a See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau . These chains are: (1) the folded See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of the upper Kapuas, which divides the western See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of Dutch Borneo from Sarawak, extends west to See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and attains near the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the Kapuas See also:

• RIVER

river a height of 5000 to 6000 ft.; (2) the Schwaner chain, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the Kapuas, whose summitsrange from 3000 to 7500 ft., the latter being the height of Bukit Raja, a plateau which divides the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Kapuas from the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Borneo; and (3) the See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller chain, between the eastern parts of the See also:

• MADI (A-MADI)

Madi plateau (presently to be mentioned) and the Kapuas chain, a volcanic region presenting heights, such as Bukit Terata (4700 ft.), which were once active but are now long See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct volcanos . The Madi plateau lies between the Kapuas and the Schwaner chains . Its height is from 3000 to 4000 ft., and it is clothed with tropical high See also:

• FENS

fens .

These mountain systems are homologous in structure with those, not of See also:

• CELEBES

Celebes or of See also:

• HALMAHERA [" great land "; also Jilolo or Gilolo]

Halmahera, but of Malacca, See also:

• BANKA (BANCA, BANGKA)

Banka and See also:

• BILLITON (Dutch Blitoeng)

Billiton . From the eastern end of the Kapuas mountains there are further to be observed: (I) A chain See also:

• RUNNING

running north-north-east, which forms the boundary between Sarawak and Dutch Borneo, the highest peak of which, Gunong Tebang, approaches Io,000 ft . This chain'can hardly be said to extend continuously to the extreme north of the island, but it carries on the See also:

• LINE

line of elevation towards the mountains of Sarawak to the west, and those of British North Borneo to the north, of which latter Kinabalu is the most remarkable . The mountains of North Borneo are more particularly referred to in the portion of this article which deals with that territory . (2) A chain which runs eastward from the central mountains and terminates in the great promontory of the east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, known variously as Cape Kanior or Kaniungan . (3) A well-marked chain running in a south-easterly direction among the congeries of hills that extend south-eastward from the central mountains, and attaining, near the southern See also:

• PART

part of the east coast, heights up to and exceeding 6000 ft . Coasts.—Resting on a submarine plateau of no great See also:

• DEPTH

depth, the coasts of Borneo are for the most part rimmed See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round by See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low alluvial lands, of a marshy, sandy and sometimes swampy character . In places the sands are fringed by long lines of See also:

• CASUARINA

Casuarina trees; in others, and more especially in the See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood of some of the river mouths, there are deep See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black mud covered with mangroves; in others the coast presents to the sea bold headlands, cliffs, mostly of a reddish See also:

• HUE

hue, sparsely clad with greenery, or See also:

• ROLLING

rolling hills covered by a growth of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank grass . The depth of the sea around the See also:

• SHORE

shore rarely exceeds a maximum depth of 1 to 3 fathoms, and the coast as a whole offers few accessible ports . The towns and seaports are to be found as a See also:

• RULE

rule at or near the mouths of those rivers which are not barricaded too efficiently by bars formed of mud or See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . All round the long coast-line of Dutch Borneo there are only seven ports of See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call, which are habitually made use of by the See also:

• SHIPS

ships of the Dutch Packet Company . They are Pontianak, See also:

• BANJERMASIN (Dutch Bandjermasin)

Banjermasin, Kota Bharu, Pasir, Samarinda, Beru and Bulungan .

The islands off the coast are not numerous . Excluding some of alluvial formation at the mouths of many of the rivers, and others along the shore which owe their existence to volcanic upheaval, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal islands are Banguey and Balambangan at the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern extremity, See also:

• LABUAN (a corruption of the Malay word labuh-an, signifying an " anchorage ")

Labuan (q.v.), a British See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony off the west coast of the territory of North Borneo, and the Karimata Islands off the south-west coast . On Great Karimata is situated the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Palembang with a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of about 500 souls employed in fishing, See also:

• MINING

mining for See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, and trading in See also:

• FOREST

forest produce . Rivers.—The rivers See also:

• PLAY

play a very important part in the See also:

• ECONOMY

economy of Borneo, both as highways and as lines along which run the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• ARTERIES (Gr. ap-rnpia, probably from a"spew, to raise, but popularly connected by the ancients with ai7P, air)

arteries of population . Hydrographically the island may be divided into five principal versants . Of these the shortest embraces the north-western slope, north of the Kapuas range, and discharges its waters into the See also:

• CHINA

China Sea . The most important of its rivers are the Sarawak, the Batang-Lupar, the Sarebas, the Rejang (navigable for more than See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m.), the Baram, theLimbang or Brunei river, and the Padas . The rivers of British North Borneo to the north of the Padas are of no importance and of scant See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical utility, owing to the fact that the mountain range here approaches very closely to the coast with which it runs parallel . In the south-western versant the largest river is the Kapuas, which, rising near the centre of the island, falls into the sea between Mampawa and Sukadana after a long and winding course . This river, of See also:

• VOLUME

volume varying with the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide and the amount of rainfall, is normally navigable by small steamers and native prahus, of a See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught of 4 to 5 ft., for 300 to 400 m., that is to say, from Pontianak up to Sintang, and thence as far as Benut . The See also:

• MIDDLE

middle part of this river, wider and more shallow than the See also:

• LOWER

lower reaches, gives rise to a region of inundation and lakes which extend as far as the northern mountain chain . Among its considerable tributaries may be mentioned the southern Melawi with its affluent the Penuh .

It reaches the sea through several channels in a wide marshy See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta . The Sambas, north of the Kapuas, is navigable in its lower course for vessels See also:

• DRAWING

drawing 25 ft . Rivers lying to the south of the Kapuas, but of less importance in the way of See also:

• SIZE

size, See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce and See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, are the Simpang, Pawan and Kandawangan, in the neighbourhood of whose mouths, or upon the adjacent coast, the principal native villages are situated in each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . The Barito, which is the principal river of the southern versant, takes its rise in the Kuti Lama See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake, and IV . 6falls into the See also:

• JAVA

Java Sea in 114° 30' E . Its upper reaches are greatly impeded by rocks, rapids and waterfalls, but the lower part of its course is wide, and traverses a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich, alluvial See also:

• DISTRICT

district, much of which is marshy . See also:

• CROSS

Cross branches unite it with two rivers of considerable size towards the west, the Kapuas Murung or Little Dyak, and the Kahayan or Great Dyak . The Katingan or Mendawei, the Sampit, Pembuang or Surian and the Kota Waringin are rivers that fall into the sea farther to the west . The rivers of the southern versant are waters of capacious drainage, the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Kahayan having, for instance, an area of 16,000 sq. m., and the Barito one of 38,000 sq. m . These rivers are navigable for two-thirds of their course by steamers of a See also:

• FAIR

fair size, but in many cases the bars at their mouths See also:

• PRESENT

present considerable difficulties to ships drawing anything over 8 or 9 ft . Most of the larger affiuents of the Barito are also navigable throughout the II greater part of their courses . The south-eastern like the north-western corner of the island is watered by a considerable number of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short mountain streams .

The one great river of the eastern versant is the Kutei or Mahakan, which, rising in the central mountains, flows east with a sinuous course and falls by numerous mouths into the Straits of See also:

• MACASSAR (MAKASSAR, MANGKASAR)

Macassar . At a great distance from its mouth it has still a depth of three fathoms, and in all its physical features it is comparable to the Kapuas and Barito . The Kayan or Bulungan river is the only other in the eastern versant that calls for mention . Most of the rivers of the northern versant are comparatively small, as the island narrows into a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of promontory . Of these the Kinabatangan in the territory of British North Borneo is the most important . Lakes are neither numerous nor very large . In most cases they are more fittingly described as swamps . In the See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood area of the upper Kapuas, of which mention has already been made, there occurs Lake Luar, and there are several lake expanses of a similar character in the basins of the Barito and Kutei rivers . The only really See also:

• FINE

fine natural See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour in the island of which any use has been made is that of Sandakan, the principal See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the North Borneo Company on the north coast . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The geology of Borneo is very imperfectly known The mountain range which lies between Sarawak and the Dutch possessions, and may be looked upon as the backbone of the island, consists chiefly of crystalline See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists, together with slates, sandstones and limestones . All these beds are much disturbed and folded . The sedimentary deposits were formerly believed to be Palaeozoic, but See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic fossils have since been found in them, and it is probable that several different formations are represented .

Somewhat similar rocks appear to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the range in south-east Borneo, and possibly of the Tampatung Mountains . But the Muller range, the Madi plateau, and the Schwaner Mountains of west Borneo, consist chiefly of almost undisturbed sedimentary and volcanic rocks of See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . The low-lying country between the mountain ranges is covered for the most part by Tertiary and See also:

• QUATERNARY

Quaternary deposits, but Cretaceous beds occur at several localities . Some of the older rocks of the mountain regions have been referred to the Devonian, but the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence cannot be considered conclusive . Vertebraria and Phyllotheca, See also:

• PLANTS

plants characteristic of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• GONDWANA

Gondwana See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, have been recorded in Sarawak; and marine forms, similar to those of the lower part of the Australian Carboniferous See also:

• SYSTEM

system, are stated to occur, in the See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone of north Borneo . Pseudomonotis salinaria, a Triassic form, has been noted from the schists of the west of Borneo . In the Kapoewas district radiolarian cherts supposed to be of Jurassic age are met with . Undoubted Jurassic fossils, belonging to several horizons, have been described from west Borneo and Sarawak . The Cretaceous beds, which have long been known in west Borneo, are comparatively little disturbed . They consist for the most part of marls with Orbitolina concava, and are referred to the Cenomanian . Cretaceous beds of somewhat later date are found in the Marpapura district in south-east Borneo . The Tertiary system includes conglomerates, sandstones, limestones and marls, which appear to be of See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene, Oligocene and See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene age .

They contain numerous seams of See also:

• COAL

coal . The Tertiary beds generally See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie nearly See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal and form the lower hills, but in the Madi plateau and the Schwaner range they rise to a height of several thousand feet . Volcanic rocks of Tertiary and See also:

• LATE

late Cretaceous age are extensively See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, especially in the Muller Mountains . The whole of this consists of tuffs and lavas, andesites prevailing in the west and rhyolites and dacites in the east . Minerals.—The See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of Borneo is great and varied . It includes diamonds, the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of which, however, are of a somewhat yellow See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, quicksilver, See also:

• CINNABAR (Ger. Zinnober)

cinnabar, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, iron, See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin, See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony, mineral See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur, See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble and coal . The exploitation of the mines suffers in many cases from the difficulties and expense of transport, the high duties payable in Dutch Borneo to the native princes, the competition among the See also:

• RIVAL

rival companies, and often the limited quantities of the' minerals found in the mines . The districts of Sambas and Landak in the west, the Kahayan river, the mountain valleys of the extreme south-east and parts of Sarawak furnish the largest quantities of gold, which is obtained for the most part from alluvial washings . The Borneo Company is engaged in working gold-mines in the upper part of the Sarawak valley, and the prospects of the enterprise, which is conducted on a fairly extensive See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, are known to be encouraging . Diamonds are also found widely distributed and mainly in the same regions as the gold . The Kapuas valley has so far yielded the largest quantity, and Pontianak is, for diamonds, the principal See also:

• PORT

port of export . Considerable progress has been made in the development of the oil-See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields in Dutch Borneo, and the Nederlandsch Indische Industrie en See also:

• HANDEL, GEORGE FREDERICK (1685–1759)

Handel Maatschappij, the Dutch business of the See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

Shell Transport and Trading Company, increased its output from 123,592 tons in 1901 to 285,720 tons in 1904, and showed further satisfactory increase thereafter .

This company owns extensive oil-fields at Batik Papan and Sanga-Sanga . The quality of the oil varies in a remarkable way according to the depth . The upper stratum is struck at a depth of 600 to 700 ft., and yields a natural liquid See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel of heavy specific gravity . The next source is met with at about 1200 ft., yielding an oil which is much lighter in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight and, as such, more suitable for treatment in the refinery . The former oil is almost invariably of an asphalte basis, whereas the latter sometimes is found to contain a considerable percentage of See also:

• PARAFFIN

paraffin See also:

• WAX

wax . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average daily See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production is very high, owing to a large number of the See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells flowing under the natural pressure of the See also:

• GAS

gas . There is every See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe that the oil-fields of Dutch Borneo have a great future . Coal mines have, in many instances, been opened and abandoned, failure being due to the difficulty of production . Coal of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good quality has been found in Pengaron and elsewhere in the Banjermasin district, but most Borneo coal is considerably below this average of excellence . It has also been found in fair quantities at various places in the Kutci valley and in Sarawak . The coal-mines of Labuan have been worked spasmodically, but success has never attended the venture . Sadohg yields something under 130 tons a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and the Brooketown mine, the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the raja of Sarawak, yields some 50 tons a day of rather indifferent coal .

The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery that Borneo produced antimony was made in 1825 by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• CRAWFURD, JOHN (1783-1868)

Crawfurd, the orientalist, who learned in that See also:

• YEAR

year that a quantity had been brought to See also:

• SINGAPORE (Malay, Singapiira, i.e. " The City of the Lion")

Singapore by a native trader as See also:

• BALLAST (O. Swed. barlast, perhaps from bar, bare or mere, and last, load)

ballast . The See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is practically unlimited and widely distributed . The principal mine is at Bidi in Sarawak . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate and See also:

• HEALTH

Health.—As is to be anticipated, having regard to its insular position and to the fact that the See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

equator passes through the very middle of the island, the climate is at once hot and very See also:

• DAMP

damp . In the hills and in the interior regions are found which may almost be described as temperate, but on the coasts the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere is dense, humid and oppressive . Throughout the average temperature is from 78° to 8o° F., but the thermometer rarely falls below 70°O, except in the hills, and occasionally on exceptional days mounts as high as 96° in the shade . The See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly winds (S.W. and N.W.) prevail at all the meteorological stations, not the comparatively dry south-See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind . Even at Banjermasin, near the south coast, the north-west wind brings annually a rainfall of 6o in., as against 33 in. of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain carried by the south-east wind . The difference between the seasons is not rigidly marked . The climate is practically unchanging all the year round, the atmosphere being uniformly moist, and though days of continuous downpour are rare, comparatively few days pass without a shower . Most rain falls between See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November and May, and at this See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season the torrents are tremendous while they last, and squalls of wind are frequent and violent, almost invariably preceding a downpour . Over such an extensive area there,is, of course, great variety in the See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic character of different districts, especially when viewed in relation to health .

Some places, such as Bidi in Sarawak, for instance, are notoriously unhealthy; but from the See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics of the Dutch See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and the records of Sarawak and British North Borneo, it would appear that the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European in Borneo has in general not appreciably more to fear than his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow in Java, or in the Federated Malay States of the Malayan See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula . Among the native races the prevailing diseases, apart from those of a malarial origin, are chiefly such as arise from See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad and in-sufficient See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, from intemperance, and from want of cleanliness . The See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of allowing their See also:

• MEAT

meat to putrefy before regarding it as See also:

• FIT

fit for food, and of encouraging See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of See also:

• TENDER

tender age to drink to See also:

• INTOXICATION (Lat. toxicare, intoxicare, to smear with poison, toxicum, an adaptation of Gr. 'r(*uK v, sc. ¢apµasov, a poison smeared on arrows; roEov, bow)

intoxication, accounts for See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of old folk and the heavy mortality which are to be observed among the Muruts of British North Borneo and some of the other more debased tribes of the interior of the island . See also:

• SCROFULA (Lat. for " little sow "), or STJTMA

Scrofula and various forms of See also:

• LUPUS (Lat. lupus, wolf)
• LUPUS, PUBLIUS RUTILIUS

lupus are See also:

• COMMON

common among the natives throughout the country and especially in the interior; See also:

• ELEPHANTIASIS (Barbadoes leg; Boucnemia)

elephantiasis is frequently met with on the coast . Smallpox, See also:

• DYSENTERY (from the Gr. prefix Ova-, in the sense of " bad," and Evmpov, the intestine)

dysentery and fevers, frequently of a bilious character, are endemic and occasionally epidemic . See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

Cholera breaks out from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time and See also:

• WORKS

works great havoc, as was the case in 1903 when one of the raja of Sarawak's punitive expeditions was stricken while ascending the Limbang river by See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat, and lost many hundreds of its See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers before the coast could be regained . Ophthalmia is common and sometimes will attack whole tribes . About one See also:

• SIXTH

sixth of the native population of the interior, and a smaller proportion of those living on the coast, suffer from a kind of See also:

• RINGWORM (or TINEA TONSURANS)

ringworm called kurap, which also prevails almost universally among the See also:

• SAKAI

Sakai and See also:

• SEMANG

Semang, the aboriginal See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill tribes of the Malayan Peninsula . The disease is believed to be aggravated by chronic See also:

• ANAEMIA (from Gr. ay-, privative, and aiµa, blood)

anaemia . See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

Consumption is not uncommon . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The fauna of Borneo comprises a large variety of See also:

• SPECIES

species, many of which are numerically of great importance . Among the quadrupeds the most remarkable is the orang-utan (Malay, orang titan, i.e. See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man), as the huge See also:

• APE (Old Eng. ape; Dutch aap; Old Ger. a ffo; Welsh epa; Old Bohemian op; a word of uncertain origin, possibly an imitation of the animal's chatter)

ape, called mias or mdyas by the natives, is named by Europeans .

Numerous species of See also:

• MONKEY

monkey are found in Borneo, including the wahwah, a kind of See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

gibbon, a creature far more human in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance and habits than the orang-utan, and several Semnopitheci, such as the long-nosed ape and the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden-black or chrysomelas . The large-eyed Stenops tardigradus also deserves mention . The larger beasts of See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey are not met with, and little check is therefore put on the natural fecundity of the graminivorous species . A small See also:

• PANTHER

panther and the clouded See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

tiger (so called)—Felis macroscelisare the largest animals of the See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat kind that occur in Borneo . The See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal tiger is not found . The Malay or See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey-See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear is very common . The See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros and the See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant both occur in the northern part of the island, though both are somewhat rare, and in this connexion it should be noted that the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of quadrupeds as between Borneo, See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra and the Malayan Peninsula is somewhat See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar and seemingly somewhat capricious . Many quadrupeds, such as the honey-bear and the rhinoceros, are common to all, but while the tiger is common both in the Malayan Peninsula and in Sumatra, it does not occur in Borneo; the elephant, so common in the peninsula, and found in Borneo, is unknown in Sumatra; and the orang-utan, so plentiful in parts of Borneo and parts of Sumatra, has never been discovered in the Malay Peninsula . It has been suggested, but with very scant measure of See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability, that the existence of elephants in Borneo, whose confinement to a single district is remarkable and unexplained, is due to importation; and the fact is on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record that when See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan's ships visited Brunei in 1522 tame elephants were in use at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of Brunei . See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild oxen of the Sunda See also:

• RACE

race, not to be in any way See also:

• CON

con-founded with the Malayan seladang or See also:

• GAUR
• GAUR, or LAKHNAUTI

gaur, are rare, but the whole country swarms with wild See also:

• SWINE

swine, and the See also:

• BABIRUSA (" pig-deer ")

babirusa, a See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig with curious See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn-like tusks, is not uncommon . Alligators are found in most of the rivers, and the gavial is less frequently met with . Three or four species of See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer are common, including the See also:

• MOUSE

mouse-deer, or plandok, an See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal of remarkable See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace and beauty, about the size of a See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare but considerably less heavy .

Squirrels, flying-squirrels, porcupines, See also:

• CIVET

civet-See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats, rats, bats, flying-foxes and lizards are found in great variety; See also:

• SNAKES

snakes of various kinds, from the See also:

• BOA

boa-constrictor downward, are abundant, while the forests swarm with See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree-leeches, and the marshes with See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-leeches and frogs . A remarkable flying-See also:

• FROG

frog was discovered by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor A . R . See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace . Birds are somewhat rare in some quarters . The most important are eagles, kites, vultures, falcons, owls, horn-bills, See also:

• CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

cranes, pheasants (notably the See also:

• ARGUS

argus, See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-back and See also:

• PEACOCK (Lat. Pavo, O. Eng. Pawe, Du. pauuw, Ger. Pfau, Fr. Paon)
• PEACOCK, GEORGE (1791–1858)
• PEACOCK, SIR BARNES (1810-189o)
• PEACOCK, THOMAS LOVE (1785-1866)

peacock-pheasants), partridges, ravens, crows, parrots, pigeons, woodpeckers, doves, See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe, See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail and swallows . Of most of these birds several varieties are met with . The Cypselus esculentus, or edible-See also:

• NEST

nest See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift, is very common, and the nests, which are built mostly in limestone caves, are esteemed the best in the archipelago . Mosquitoes and sand-flies are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INSECT

insect pests, and in some districts are very troublesome . Several kinds of parasitic jungle See also:

• TICKS

ticks cause much annoyance to men and to beasts . There are also two kinds of ants, the semut dpi (" fire259 See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant ") and the semut Mda (" See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper ant "), whose bites are peculiarly painful . Hornets, bees and wasps of many varieties abound .

The honey and the wax of the wild See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee are collected by the natives . Butterflies and moths are remarkable for their number, size, variety and beauty . Beetles are no less numerously represented, as is to be expected in a country so richly wooded as Borneo . The swamps and rivers, as well as the surrounding seas, swarm with See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish . The siawan is a species of fish found in the rivers and valued for its spawn, which is salted . The natives are See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert and ingenious fishermen . Turtles, trepang and See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl-shell are of some commercial importance . The See also:

• DOG

dog, the cat, the pig, the domestic See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl (which is not very obviously related to the See also:

• BANTAM

bantam of the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods), the See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo, a smaller breed than that met with in the Malayan Peninsula, and in some districts bullocks of the Brahmin breed and small horses, are the principal domestic animals . The character of the country and the nomadic habits of many of the natives of the interior, who rarely occupy their villages for more than a few years in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, have not proved favourable to See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral modes of See also:

• LIFE

life . The buffaloes are used not only in See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, but also as beasts of See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden, as draught-animals and for the See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle . Horses, introduced by Europeans and owned only by the wealthier classes, are found in Banjermasin and in Sarawak . In British North Borneo, and especially in the district of Ternpasuk on the north-west coast, Borneo ponies, bred originally, it is supposed, from the stock which is indigenous to the Sulu archipelago, are common .

See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The flora of Borneo is very rich, the greater portion of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the island being clothed in luxuriant vegetation . The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the forest is the tapan, which, rising to a great height without See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

fork or See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, culminates in a splendid See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome of foliage . The See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official seats of some of the chiefs are constructed from the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood of this tree . Iron-wood, remarkable for the durability of its See also:

• TIMBER

timber, is abundant; it is used by the natives for the pillars of their homes and forms an article of export, chiefly to Hong-See also:

• KONG

Kong . It is rivalled in hardness by the kdyu tembesu . In all, about sixty kinds of timber of marketable quality are furnished in more or less profusion, but the difficulty of extraction, even in the regions situated in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close proximity to the large waterways, renders it improbable that the timber See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of Borneo will attain to any very great dimensions until other and easier sources of supply have become exhausted . See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

Palm-trees are abundant in great variety, including the nipah, which is much used for thatching, the See also:

• CABBAGE

cabbage, See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, coco and See also:

• SAGO

sago palms . The last two furnish large supplies of food to the natives, some See also:

• COPRA (a Spanish and Portuguese adaptation of the Malay kopperah, and Hindustani khopra, the coco-nut)

copra is ex-ported, and sago factories, mostly in the hands of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, prepare sago for the Dutch and British markets . See also:

• GUTTA (Latin for " drop ")

Gutta-percha (ge'tah percha in the See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular), camphor, See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon, See also:

• CLOVES

cloves, nutmegs, gambir and betel, or areca-nuts, are all produced in the island; most of the tropical fruits flourish, including the much-admired but, to the uninitiated, most evil-smelling See also:

• DURIAN (Malay, duri, a thorn)

durian, a large See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit with an exceedingly strong See also:

• OUTER

outer covering composed of stout pyramidal spikes, which grows upon the branches of a tall tree and occasionally in falling inflicts considerable injuries upon passers-by . Yams, several kinds of sweet potatoes, melons, pumpkins, cucumbers, pineapples, bananas and mangosteens are cultivated, as also are a large number of other fruits . See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)<