See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

ROGER See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• ROGER JOSEPH BOSCOVICH (1711?-1787)

BOSCOVICH (1711?-1787)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian mathematician and natural philosopher, one of the earliest of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign savants to adopt See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton's See also:

• GRAVITATION (from Lat. gravis, heavy)

gravitation theory, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• RAGUSA
• RAGUSA (Serbo-Croatian Dubrovnik)

Ragusa in See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia on the 18th of May 1711, according to the usual See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, but ten years earlier according to See also:

• LALANDE, JOSEPH JEROME LEFRANCAIS DE (1732-1807)

Lalande (Eloge, 1792) . In his fifteenth See also:

• YEAR

year, after passing through the usual elementary studies, he entered the Society of Jesus . On completing his noviciate, which was spent at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, he studied See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and physics at the Collegium Romanum; and so brilliant was his progress in these sciences that in 1740 he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of mathematics in the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college . For this See also:

• POST

post he was especially fitted by his acquaintance with recentadvances in See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, and by his skill in a classical severity of demonstration, acquired by a thorough study of the See also:

• WORKS

works of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek geometricians . Several years before this See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment he had made himself a name by an elegant See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the problem to find the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun's See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

equator and determine the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of its rotation by observation of the spots on its See also:

• SURFACE

surface . Notwithstanding the arduous duties of his professorship he found See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time for investigation in all the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical science; and he published a very large number of See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

dissertations, some of them of considerable length, on a wide variety of subjects . Among these subjects were the transit of See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

Mercury, the See also:

• AURORA
• AURORA (perhaps through a form ausosa from Sansk. ush, to burn ; the common idea of " brightness " suggests a connexion with aurum, gold)

Aurora Borealis, the figure of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, the observation of the fixed stars, the inequalities in terrestrial gravitation, the application of mathematics to the theory of the See also:

• TELESCOPE

telescope, the limits of certainty in astronomical observations, the solid of greatest attraction, the See also:

• CYCLOID (from Gr. iciidws, circle, and ennos, form)

cycloid, the logistic See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve, the theory of comets, the tides, the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of continuity, the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• REFRACTION
• REFRACTION (Lat. refringere, to break open or apart)

refraction See also:

• MICROMETER (from Gr. wcp6c, small, jArpov, a measure)

micrometer, various problems of spherical See also:

• TRIGONOMETRY (from Gr. rpiywvov, a triangle, /ATpov, measure)

trigonometry, &c . In 1742 he was consulted, with other men of science, by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict XIV., as to the best means of securing the stability of the See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's, Rome, in which a crack had been discovered . His See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion was adopted . Shortly after he engaged to take See also:

• PART

part in the Portuguese expedition for the survey of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, and the measurement of a degree of the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian; but he yielded to the urgent See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the pope that he would remain in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and undertake a similar task there . Accordingly, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher Maire, an See also:

• ENGLISH

English Jesuit, he measured an arc of two degrees between Rome and See also:

• RIMINI

Rimini . The operations were begun towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of 1750, and were completed in about two years .

An account of them was published in 1755, entitled De Litteraria expedition per pontificam ditionem ad dimetiendos duos meridian See also:

• GRADUS, or GRADUS AD PARNASSUM (a step to Parnassus)

gradus a PP . Maire et See also:

• BOSCOVICH, ROGER JOSEPH (1711?-1787)

Boscovich . The value of this See also:

• WORK

work was increased by a carefully prepared See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of the States of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . A . See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation appeared in 1770 . A dispute having arisen between the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany and the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca with respect to the drainage of a See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, Boscovich was sent, in 1757, as See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of Lucca to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, and succeeded in bringing about a satisfactory arrangement of the See also:

• MATTER

matter . In the following year he published at Vienna his famous work, Theoria philosophiae naturalis redacta ad unicam legem virium in nalura existentium, containing his atomic theory (see See also:

• MOLECULE (from mod. Lat. molecula, the diminutive of moles, a mass)

MOLECULE) . Another occasion for the exercise of his See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic ability soon after presented itself . A suspicion having arisen on the part of the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government that See also:

• SHIPS

ships of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war had been fitted out in the See also:

• PORT

port of Ragusa for the service of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and that the See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality of Ragusa had thus been violated, Boscovich was selected to undertake an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to See also:

• LONDON

London (176o), to vindicate the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of his native See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and satisfy the government . This See also:

• MISSION

mission he discharged successfully, with See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit to himself and See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction to his countrymen . During his stay in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England he was elected a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of the Royal Society . He soon after paid this society the compliment of dedicating to it his Latin poem, entitled De See also:

• SOLIS, ANTONIO DE (1610-16S6)

Solis et Lunae Defectibus (London, 1764) .

This prolix See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, one of a class which at that time was much in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue—metrical epitomes of the facts of science—contains in about five thousand lines, illustrated by voluminous notes, a compendium of See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy . It was for the most part written on horseback, during the author's rides in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country while engaged in his meridian measurements . The See also:

• BOOK

book is characterized by G . B . J . See also:

• DELAMBRE, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH (1749-1822)

Delambre as " uninstructive to an astronomer and unintelligible to any one else." On leaving England Boscovich travelled in See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, but See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health compelled him soon to return to Italy . In 1764 he was called to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of mathematics at the university of See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia, and this post he held, together with the directorship of the See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory of Brera, for six years . He was invited by the Royal Society of London to undertake an expedition to See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California to;observe the transit of See also:

• VENUS

Venus in 1769; but this was prevented by the See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish government for the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits from its dominions . The vanity, egotism and petulance of Boscovich provoked his rivals and made him many enemies, so that in See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace he was driven to frequent See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence . About 1770 he removed to See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, where he continued to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach and to hold the directorship of the observatory of Brera; but being deprived of his post by the intrigues of his associates he was about to retire to his native place, when the See also:

• NEWS

news reached him (1773) of the suppression of his See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in Italy . Uncertainty as to his future led him to accept an invitation from the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of France to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he was naturalized and was appointed director of See also:

• OPTICS

optics for the marine, an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office instituted for him, with a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of 8000 livres . He remained there ten years, but his position became irksome, and at length intolerable .

He continued, however, to devote himself diligently to the pursuits of science, and published many remarkable See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs . Among them were an elegant solution of the problem to determine the See also:

• ORBIT (from Lat. orbita, a track, orbis, a wheel)

orbit of a See also:

• COMET (Gr. Koµieiis, long-haired)

comet from three observations, and memoirs on the micrometer and achromatic telescopes . In 1783 he returned to Italy, and spent two years at See also:

• BASSANO
• BASSANO, JACOPO DA PONTE (1510-1592)

Bassano, where he occupied himself with the publication of his See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera pertinentia ad opticam et astronomiam, &c., which appeared in 1785 in five volumes See also:

• QUARTO

quarto . After a visit of some months to the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of See also:

• VALLOMBROSA

Vallombrosa, he went to Milan and resumed his See also:

• LITERARY

literary labours . But his health was failing, his reputation was on the wane, his works did not sell, and he gradually sank a See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey to illness and disappointment . He See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy, imbecility, and at last madness, with lucid intervals, and died at Milan on the 15th (13th) of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1787 . In addition to the works already mentioned Boscovich published Elementa universae matheseos (1754), the substance of the course of study prepared for his pupils; and a narrative of his travels, entitled Giornale di un viaggio da Constantinopoli in Polonia, of which several See also:

• EDITIONS

editions and a French translation appeared . His latest labour was the editing of the Latin poems of his friend Benedict Stay on the See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes, with scientific annotations and supplements . (W . L . R .