See also:

• BOTOCUDOS (from Port. botoque, a plug, in allusion to the wooden disks or plugs worn in their lips and ears)

BOTOCUDOS (from See also:

• PORT

Port. botoque, a plug, in allusion to the wooden disks or plugs worn in their lips and ears)  , the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign name for a tribe of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians of eastern See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, also known as the Aimores or Aimbores . They appear to have no collective tribal name for themselves . Some are called Nacnanuk or Nac-poruk, " sons of the See also:

• SOIL

soil." The name See also:

• BOTOCUDOS (from Port. botoque, a plug, in allusion to the wooden disks or plugs worn in their lips and ears)

Botocudos cannot be traced much farther back than the writings of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian von Neuwied (Reise nach Bresilien, See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main, 1820) . When the Portuguese adventurer Vasco Fernando Coutinho reached the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Brazil in 1535, he erected a fort at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of Espirito Santo See also:

• BAY

Bay to defend himself against " the Aimores and other tribes." The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the tribe comprised most of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Espirito Santo, and reached inland to the headwaters of Rio Grande (Belmonte) and Rio Doce on the eastern slopes of the Serra do Espinhacao, but the Botocudos are now mainly confined to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country between Rio Pardo and Rio Doce, and seldom roam westward beyond Serra dos Aimores into See also:

• MINAS [MINOIDES] (c. 1790-186o)

Minas Geraes . It was in the latter See also:

• DISTRICT

district that at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century they came into collision with the whites, who were attracted thither by the See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields . The Botocudos are nomads, wandering naked in the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods and living on See also:

• FOREST

forest products . They are below the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium height, but broad-shouldered and remarkable for the See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular development and See also:

• DEPTH

depth of their chests . Their arms and legs are, how-ever, soft and fleshy, and their feet and hands small . Their features, which vary individually almost as much as those of Europeans, are broad and See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, with prominent brow, high cheek-bones, small bridgeless See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, wide nostrils and slight See also:

• PROJECTION

projection of the jaws . They are longheaded, and their See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair is coarse, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and lank . Their See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour is a See also:

• LIGHT

light yellowish See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, some-times almost approaching See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general yellow tint emphasizes their Mongolic See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, which all travellers have noticed .

The Botocudos were themselves greatly struck by the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese coolies, whom they met in Brazilian seaports, and whom they at once accepted as kinsmen (See also:

• HENRI

Henri Hollard, De l'homme et See also:

• DES

des races humaines, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1853).1 Some few Botocudos have settled and become civilized, but the See also:

• GREAT

great bulk of them, numbering between twelve and fourteen thousand, are still the wildest of savages . During the earlier frontier See also:

• WARS

wars (1790-1820) every effort was made to extirpate them . They were regarded by the Portuguese as no better than See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild beasts . Smallpox was deliberately spread among them; poisoned See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food was scattered in the forests; by such infamous means the coast districts about Rios Doce and Belmonte were cleared, and one Portuguese See also:

• COMMANDER

commander boasted that he had either slain with his own hands or ordered to be butchered many hundreds of them . Their implements and domestic utensils are all of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood; their only weapons are See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

reed spears and bows and arrows . Their dwellings are rough shelters of See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf and bast, seldom 4 ft. high . So far as the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the Botocudos is known, it would appear that they have no means of expressing the numerals higher than one . Their only musical See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument is a small See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo nose-See also:

• FLUTE

flute . They attribute all the blessings of See also:

• LIFE

life to the " See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day-See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire " (See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun) and all evil to " See also:

• NIGHT

night-fire " (See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon) . At the See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves of the dead they keep fires burning for some days to scare away evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, and during storms and eclipses arrows are shot into the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky to drive away demons . The most conspicuous feature of the Botocudos is the tembeitera, or wooden plug or disk which is worn in the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip and the See also:

• LOBE

lobe of the See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear . This disk, made of the specially light and carefully dried wood of the barriguda See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree (Chorisia ventricosa), is called by the natives themselves embure, whence Augustin See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Hilaire suggests the probable derivation of their name Aimbore (Voyages daps l'interieur du Bresil 18z6-182r, Paris, 1830) .

It is worn only in the under-lip, now chiefly by See also:

• WOMEN

women, but formerly by men also . The operation for pre-paring the lip begins often as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the eighth See also:

• YEAR

year, when an initial See also:

• BORING

boring is made by a hard pointed stick, and gradually extended by the insertion of larger and larger disks or plugs, sometimes at last as much as 3 in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . Notwithstanding the lightness of the wood the tembeitera weighs down the lip, which at first sticks out horizontally and at last becomes a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of skin around the wood . Ear-plugs are also worn, of such See also:

• SIZE

size as to distend the lobe down to the shoulders . Ear-ornaments of like nature are See also:

• COMMON

common in south and even central See also:

• AMERICA

America, at least as far See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north as See also:

• HONDURAS

Honduras . .When See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus discovered this latter country during his See also:

• FOURTH

fourth voyage (15o2) i A parallel See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case is that of the Bashkir soldiers of See also:

• ORENBURG

Orenburg, who formed See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army sent to put down the Hungarian revolt of 1848, and who recognized their Ugrian kinsmen in the Zeklars and other See also:

• MAGYARS

Magyars settled in the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin.he named part of the seaboard See also:

• COSTA, GIOVANNI (1826–1903)
• COSTA, LORENZO (146o-r535)
• COSTA, SIR MICHAEL ANDREW AGNUS (1808-1884)

Costa de la Oreja, from the conspicuously distended ears of the natives . Early See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish explorers also gave the name Orejones or " big-eared " to several See also:

• AMAZON

Amazon tribes. k'e, See A . R . See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace, Travels on the Amazon (1853-1900) ; H . H, See also:

• BANCROFT, GEORGE (1800—1891)
• BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE (1832– )
• BANCROFT, RICHARD (1544–161o)
• BANCROFT, SIR SQUIRE (1841– )

Bancroft, Hist. of Pacific States (See also:

• SAN

San Francisco, 1882), vol. i. p . 211; A . H .

See also:

• KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane, " On the Botocudos " in Journ . Anthrop . Instil. vol. xiii . (1884) ; J . R . Peixoto, Novos Estudios Craniologicos sobre os Botocuds (Rio Janeiro, 1882) ; Prof . C . F . Hartt, See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology and See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography of Brazil (See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1870), pp . 577-606 .