See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE See also:

• PIERRE BOUGUER (1698-1758)

BOUGUER (1698-1758)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French mathematician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 16th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1698 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• BOUGUER, PIERRE (1698-1758)

Bouguer, one of the best hydrographers of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, was regius See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• HYDROGRAPHY (.Gr. 6&,p, water, and cypfidiecv, to write)

hydrography at Croisic in See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany, and author of a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . In 1713 he was appointed to succeed his father as professor of hydrography . In 1727 he gained the See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize given by the Academie See also:

• DES

des Sciences for his See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper " On the best manner of forming and distributing the masts of See also:

• SHIPS

ships "; and two other prizes, one for his dissertation " On the best method of observing the See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of stars at See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea," the other for his paper " On the best method of observing the variation of the See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass at sea." These were published in the Prix de l' See also:

• ACADEMIC

Academic des Sciences . In 1729 he published Essai d' optique sur la gradation de la lumiere, the See also:

• OBJECT

object of which is to define the quantity of See also:

• LIGHT

light lost by passing through a given extent of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere . He found the light of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun to be 300 times more intense than that of the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon, and thus made some of the earliest measurements in See also:

• PHOTOMETRY (from Gr. (Pews, xarrbs, light, µerpov, a measure)

photometry . In 1730 he was made professor of hydrography at See also:

• HAVRE
• HAVRE, LE

Havre, and succeeded P . L . M. de See also:

• MAUPERTUIS, PIERRE LOUIS MOREAU DE (1698–1759)

Maupertuis as See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate geometer of the Academic des Sciences . He also invented a See also:

• HELIOMETER (from Gr. iXtos, sun, and p.Erpov, a measure)

heliometer, afterwards perfected by See also:

• FRAUNHOFER, JOSEPH VON (1787-1826)

Fraunhofer . He was afterwards promoted in the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy to the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of Maupertuis, and went to reside in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . In 1735 Bouguer sailed with C .

M. de la Condamine for See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to measure a degree of the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian near the See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

equator . Ten years were spent in this operation, a full See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of which was published by Bouguer in 1749, Figure de la terre determinee . His later writings were nearly all upon the theory of navigation . He died on the 15th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1758 . The following is a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• WORKS

works:—Traite d'optique sur la gradation de la lumiere (1729 and 176o) Entretiens sur la cause d'inclinaison des orbites des planetes (1734) ; Traite de navire, &c . (1746, 4to); La Figure de la terre determinee, &'c . (1749), 4to; Nouveau traite de navigation, contenant la theorie et la pratique du pilotage (1753); See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

Solution des principaux problemes sur la manoeuvre des vaisseaux (1757); Operations faites pour la verification du degre du meridien entre Paris et See also:

• AMIENS

Amiens, See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par See also:

• MESS (an adaptation of O. Fr. mes, mod. mets; Ital. messo; derived from the Late Lat. missum, past participle of mittere " to send or place in position ")

Mess . Bouguer, See also:

• CAMUS, ARMAND GASTON (1740-1804)
• CAMUS, CHARLES ETIENNE LOUIS (1699-1768)
• CAMUS, FRANCOIS JOSEPH DES (1672-1732)

Camus, See also:

• CASSINI

Cassini et Pingre (1757) . See J . E . See also:

• MONTUCLA, JEAN ETIENNE (1725-1799)

Montucla, Histoire des mathematiques (1802) .